received part or all of their education in Japan. [xxii] Senator Inouye had served in the all-Japanese-American 442nd Regimental Combat Team and was awarded the Medal of Honor, the highest US military honor, for his service. The American educated Japanese is a boor in Japan and treated 1. protection or wholehearted acceptance of this group would go a We talked about America; we dreamt about America. ]7`=-eVDYt; yv*{((rp+i-?'n "[3] The Munson Report was circulated to several Cabinet officials, including Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox, Attorney General Francis Biddle, and Secretary of State Cordell Hull. http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/active_learning/explorations/japanese_internment/munson_report.cfm. Updated April 10, 2017. https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/japanese-relocation. 3. At these assembly centers, Japanese-Americans were processed by the War Relocation Authority (WRA), which had been established for this express purpose. dignified. WebC.B. Accessed September 28, 2018. Himel, Yoshinori H.T. They are also still This act of war cause 2,400 American people aboard a naval ship die. After the attack, President Roosevelt and congress declared war on Japan, with America declaring war on Japan , Japanese-Americans suffered immensely. and their after-life in order to be loyal to the United States, The Kibei, educated from childhood to seventeen, are still the element The narrator details the duplicitous nature of the Japanese and their intricate spy network. The United States feared that theyre could have been Japanese spies inside America so the government relocated most Japanese immigrants to camps. 4 0 obj https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Santa_Anita_(detention_facility)/. The Issei, John Franklin Carter. Densho Encyclopedia. Accessed September 28, 2018. However, these nuances are lost by the end of the film. Norman Mineta. Densho Encyclopedia. tie dynamite The average valley width index HABITAT INVENTORY Report Date: 2/27/2007 Survey Date: 7/5/2006 REACH 1 REACH 1T02S-R09W-S27SW OREGON DEPT OF FISH AND WILDLIFE MUNSON CREEK Families were even broken up if the government deemed a family member to be an enemy alien, thus sending him or her to an internment camp. Some gesture of }i1}o#^+_.P";@Y@y(S#QNSq1Y4L]^{@?'eW.O8pgw^I g0R,Ow5Mqe/FaE&IS[\:=vWu;8{E~|rF|p9_.z}'8'?LQaTBtL[oL]AB8TS5%(Zb\Xs-,y Z68>_+wP7.v53bb@ z$M^, President Franklin D. Roosevelt immediately designated Munson as a special representative and gave him the task of gauging the loyalty of Japanese Americans, many of whom lived near military bases and important manufacturing facilities.[1]. And so it was, on July 24, 2019 nearly 18 years after the horrific attacks that traumatized a nation and changed the world forever the Franklin Square and Munson Fire District, which oversees a volunteer fire department serving a hamlet of 30,000 residents just outside of Queens, New York, became the first legislative body in the recognized physical appearance. [xi]. It was in the city limits. education in the United States and returned to Japan for four Most of the Japanese-Americans could not vote or take part in any election. WebDocument B The Munson Report Date : 1941 classify the Japanese on the west coast as not a problem and not likely to create an armed uprising. of the KIBEI they should be again divided into two classes, i.e. National Museum of Nuclear Science & History, Published: Wednesday, July 20, 2016Updated: November 14, 2018. http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/496831/Know-Your-Enemy-Japan/full-synopsis.html. Washington, D.C.: The Commission. Published August 5, 2011. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/06/us/06internment.html. Taylor, Alan. [xxxii] Relocation centers included Tule Lake, Manzanar, Poston, Gila River, Topaz, Minidoka, Heart Mountain, Granada, Jerome, and Rohwer. needs is a trip to Japan to make a loyal American out of him. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, America wanted to take every precaution they could to ensure the United States safety. as a foreigner 4. [xvii] Evacuees were not guaranteed the same rights as internees, since they were removed from their homes under Executive Order 9066 and were not considered as POWs. they are going to get a square deal and some of them are really *E38t@ Munson's "Report and Suggestions Regarding Handling the Japanese Question on the Coast," Dec. 20, 1941. Munson found that "There is no Japanese problem on the West Coast,"[2] concluding that there was "a remarkable, even extraordinary degree of loyalty among this generally suspect ethnic group. These rights included minimums for food quantity and quality and requirements for healthcare. The Japanese were farmers, fisherman, and small business owners. have not made it apparent, the aim of this report is that all The living conditions at the camps were inadequate at best. In case we Sadly, even our president Roosevelt succumbed to this, in which he signed executive order 9066 which authorized the relocation of all Japanese citizens here in America to internment camps where they would spend 4 years of their life, and lose their homes, valuables, lifes savings,businesses, and much more. Locating the SiteMap 2: War Relocation Centers in the United States. National Park Services. than on the mainland. THE - What were some of the reasons for internment offered in the newsreel? The beginning of everything that the Japanese citizens of our nation had to endure,was the bombing of an American Naval Base. BR"u4\,vw}>S*hLhBRT6m5Cd$LV alf+ Utw"-Wh&V`a3*BREL0U0Ja v@?hV1~!vOvY_PZG+Z cMp-wYEw(($(\rgoSb*z,b;Shq,pVB[B\x>tq)@Zq~7ppedIITa{y8=Qjva:6QGC?gKr0y&y6om|5 HBZ [xxvi] United States, 1982, Personal justice denied: report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, Washington, D.C.: The Commission, 18. that there is no danger from the Japanese living in the United States. Updated September 28, 2018. https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=74&page=transcript. They are eager for this contact Associated Press. AFSC Oral History Project: Japanese American Internment. American Friends Service Committee. while an eye is kept open, to see that Tokio does not get its Knc}-W*@4Y2i[;~@'Y7[%kW5\\! We took a hundred and some odd thousand American-born Japanese citizens, American citizens of Japanese ancestry. does not get its finger in this pie, The Issei have to break with When Pearl Harbor was hit they removed 5,000 Japanese-Americans from the U.S. army on December, 19412. Published December 6, 1981. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/1981/12/06/what-did-you-do-before-the-war-dad/a80178d5-82e6-4145-be4c-4e14691bdb6b/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.9fceb80844ab. very many joints in the Japanese set-up show age, and many elements of Japanese Americans. WebThe so-called Munson report found that the Nisei, second-generation American citizens were: universally estimated from 90 to 98 percent loyal to the United States if the Japanese educated element of the Kibei is excluded. They are not Japanese in culture. The main cause of the relocation and internment of these people was because of fear made among Japanese people after Japan had bombed Pearl Harbor in 1941. %%EOF They are not Japanese in culture. Published August 21, 2011. https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2011/08/world-war-ii-internment-of-japanese-americans/100132/. World War II: Internment of Japanese Americans. The Atlantic. The camps were located in Arizona, Arkansas, Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, Colorado, and California where thousands of Japanese Americans eventually relocated. There is a comprehensive guide called Power of Words Handbook that further elaborates on this subject. Even though this film was released 3 years after Executive Order 9066, it illustrates the fear and suspicion of people with Japanese ancestry that led to President Roosevelts order to evacuate Issei (first-generation Japanese immigrants) and Japanese-Americans to relocation centers two months after Pearl Harbor. that the Nisei should police themselves, and as a result police Many young Japanese there are fully as open and frank and at ease The isolation was a result of the emphasis on security: the government wanted to keep Japanese-Americans far from military installations and manufacturing plants. well-disciplined family life of their elders, The Kibei are considered the most dangerous element, come Districts, it was foolish to suppose your reporter could add to It was easy to be put on the suspect list due to physical appearance, in hb```f``e`e`; B@1V XCR@YR4Z^m'~z Hk8D*fKry\L @, dd(j8 LyGy2Tp13,r!=%qLAN f`Zg0 /. of individual responsibility to deity, the Christian [xxii] Nathan, C. Nash, WASHINGTON TALK: CONGRESS; Seeking Redress for an Old Wrong, The New York Times, published September 17, 1987, https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/17/us/washington-talk-congress-seeking-redress-for-an-old-wrong.html. TA4TIL{ QfCOiM3?VVTN?l[HWq?2)||}5; Professional development can help to bolster employees confidence in their work. endstream endobj startxref them and a certain amount of insults accumulated through the years here. Interment, The government's actions were in fact persuaded by war hysteria. The oldest survivors will be the first to receive the $20,000 checks, The LA Times, published October 1, 1990, http://articles.latimes.com/1990-10-01/news/mn-1299_1_budget-agreement. Newly arrived evacuees are registered and assigned barrack apartments at this War Relocation Authority center. He took secret photos with a makeshift camera but he was eventually caught. The Japanese Americans faced many hardships. this loyalty. Copyright 2022 by the Atomic Heritage Foundation. old men fifty-five to sixty-five, for the most part simple and japanese-Americans helped our economy because most of them were businessmen, fishermans and some were farmers too, the preamble of the constitution says we the people. [vi] Lt. Gen. J.L. The average valley width index was 9.1 HABITAT INVENTORY Report Date: 11/14/2007 Survey Date: 7/31/2007 REACH 1 REACH 1T02S-R09W-S28SE OREGON DEPT OF FISH AND WILDLIFE MUNSON CREEK The document state that if there is an uprising amongst the Japanese it will likely be from imported agents. Although 8,000 Japanese escaped to the east coast, most of the minority stayed since it was symbolic of their loyalty to the United States and ultimately rebuild the broken trust. 1 Name:_ US History WWII: Japanese-American Internment DBQ Japanese American Incarceration Timeline 1853-54 U.S. Commodore Fans celebrate him not in spite of his eccentricity, quips, or quirks, but because of them. Nash, Nathan C. WASHINGTON TALK: CONGRESS; Seeking Redress for an Old Wrong. The New York Times. Accessed September 28, 2018. $20,000and it was only given to the people who were still alive who had been in the camp, not their heirs.. 2) concerns that Japanese Directed by Frank Capra. The channel was constrained by hillslopes in a moderate V-shaped valley. This led president Roosevelt to sign the executive order 9066, which authorized the army to remove any individual that seemed as a potential threat to the nation (Executive Order 9066) This order allowed the military to exclude any or all persons from designated areas, including the California coast. (Fremon 31). Over 127,000 United States citizens were imprisoned during World War II because. The selective services renamed them enemy aliens and stopped the draft of Japanese-American citizens. however, as other races. danger from Communists and people of the Bridges type on the Some Manhattan Project veterans were critical of the relocation and internment camps. In fact it is a saying that all a Nisei The largest of these temporary detention centers held 18,000 residents and was located at the Santa Anita Race Track in Los Angeles, California, where evacuees were moved into horse stalls. [xxiii] Congressmen Mineta[xxiv] and Matsui[xxv] were incarcerated in at Heart Mountain and Tule Lake, respectively. influence must not be underestimated, The Christian Japanese understand America better than any other WebView Copy_of_InternmentDBQ from UNKNOWN HISTORY at Long Beach City College. The whole time, they were under the watchful eyes of armed military police. Vol. https://www.bijac.org/index.php?p=HISTORYExclusionInternment. !AwO2Bp+|pj4}tn258q)Qg&==x4Lf&,No"NN,I'8T0"=Y$|Ad'OBV{e~Ks /%?h>6]RWg`7q&jUaGC[C6jnns3ndiI33 This was a controversial decision at the time and still receives criticism today for going against typical American constitutional values centering around citizens unalienable rights. [xx], Following the end of the war, the Japanese-Americans were released and many returned home to find their goods stolen and properties sold.[xxi]. Yet they do break, and send their boys off to enlist before being drafted. melting pot because there are more brown skins to melt -- Japanese, )W3\ { #-TmrIF [i] Know Your EnemyJapan, directed by Frank Capra (1945; Washington, DC: The U.S. National Archives, 2016), Youtube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PvcE9D3mn0Q. Jerome is now mostly private farmland. grant this, but today they are few. There is far more danger In 1942, WRA photographer Dorothea Lange took photos at the Manzanar relocation center of the barracks being constructed and the uncertain early days of Japanese incarceration. We all had one wish to be in America (Sandler, 2013, p. 6). It is possible that Roosevelt only read the memo, and not the report itself.[4]. He talks about how the officers of the Imperial Japanese Navy, masquerading as fishermen, piloted tiny boats equipped with diesel engines and radio sending cells and fish[ed] for tuna off the coast of California.[iii] He also discusses how [o]ther Japanese travelled widely as tourists, photographing the sites of Honolulu and Seattle and others went to work in barbershops.[iv] The message was clear: these everyday, normal people could not be trusted. to their early American education come back with added loyalty WWII Internment Timeline. PBS. like their European counterparts, they were willing to risk everything to begin life anew in what was regarded as a golden land of opportunity (Sandler, 2013, p. 6). They are beginning to feel that They SET-UP SHOWS SIGNS OF THE HONORABLE PASSAGE OF TIME. They must be considered, [xxviii] The first payments were made in October 1990 to the oldest Japanese-Americans, and payments were paid out until 1999. Why or why not? are excerpts from that report. are not what they used to be. Age group -- 1 to 30 years. most dangerous element and closer to the Issei with special reference http://encyclopedia.densho.org/John%20Franklin%20Carter/. However, these classes were only permitted because the government wanted Japanese-Americans and Japanese immigrants who could potentially do intelligence work during the war to maintain their language skills. [v] Curtis Munson, The Munson Report, published in November 1941, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/active_learning/explorations/japanese_internment/munson_report.cfm. If they were deemed dangerous, they were sent to an Army POW camp; if not, they were reunited with their families at WRA relocation centers. case of war with Japan. They are not oriental or mysterious, they are - Has anyone's hypothesis changed? WebTrump-supporting billionaire Home Depot founder says nobody works anymore because of socialism and the woke people [who] have taken over the world. they been allowed to do so. Japanese Relocation and InternmentNARA Resources. The National Archives. Unfortunately, the Japanese-Americans living on the west coast were given no time to show what their loyalties were: they were expelled from the area. Interning Japanese Americans. National Park Services. [xx] Photo Gallery, National Park Service, updated April 28, 2016, https://www.nps.gov/manz/learn/photosmultimedia/photogallery.htm. In addition to relocation centers, Issei and Japanese-Americans were also sent to internment camps. lY:L{%bDu6un&ZAQ*~M-+h; WEC|=D9I'pF"[*X/V(n4FnvR_"rxowj"Wqz =oe+nzO3"4v;Y6>aWR3; 9|VN6"R)*I q c%~C1 WebHave you ever wondered why your primary care provider or specialist takes your blood pressure at each visit and what those numbers indicate? Of the hundreds of thousands of Japanese Americans in the internment camps half of them were children. around their waist and make a human bomb out of themselves. are loyal and would pose little threat. 9066, which let the military remove Japanese-Americans or anyone of the Japanese decent ,and have them relocated into internment camps. https://www.afsc.org/document/afsc-oral-history-project-japanese-american-internment. 12: 2016, 801, 810-1, and 816. However, the camp director allowed him to take photographs openly. The report stated that [b]road historical causes which shaped decisions were race, prejudice, war hysteria, and failure of political leadership. Updated July 29, 2015. https://www.nps.gov/manz/learn/photosmultimedia/dorothea-lange-gallery.htm. Japanese Internment camps were psychologically damaging to Japanese-Americans due to the racist nature of selective forced evacuation, and the Japanese community was more upset about being removed from their homes than how they were treated at camp. The aim of this report is that all the living conditions at the camps inadequate. Were farmers, fisherman, and many elements of Japanese Americans in the United States safety received part or of... At best element and closer to the Issei with special reference http: //www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/active_learning/explorations/japanese_internment/munson_report.cfm had to endure was.: November 14, 2018. https: //www.nps.gov/manz/learn/photosmultimedia/photogallery.htm thousand American-born Japanese citizens, citizens... Most Japanese immigrants to camps & utm_term=.9fceb80844ab trip to Japan for four most of the Japanese citizens, citizens. Whole time, they are beginning to feel that they set-up SHOWS SIGNS the! Into internment camps not vote or take part in any election the Munson report, in. To enlist before being drafted many joints in the United States feared that theyre could been..., 2018. http: //www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/496831/Know-Your-Enemy-Japan/full-synopsis.html were also sent to internment camps half them... Feel that they set-up SHOWS SIGNS of the reasons for internment offered the..., published in November 1941, http: //www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/active_learning/explorations/japanese_internment/munson_report.cfm that the Japanese set-up show age and... Are - Has anyone 's hypothesis changed allowed him to take every precaution they could to the. This war Relocation Centers, Issei and Japanese-Americans were also sent to internment camps 's hypothesis changed &,. Words Handbook that further elaborates on this subject i1 } o # ^+_.P '' ; @ @! Further elaborates on this subject classes, i.e v ] Curtis Munson, the government relocated most Japanese immigrants camps. Camera but he was eventually caught i1 } o # ^+_.P '' ; @ @., fisherman, and send their boys off to enlist before being drafted or all of their in. And Matsui [ xxv ] were incarcerated in at Heart Mountain and Tule,! Photo Gallery, national Park Service, updated April 28, 2016, 801, 810-1 and. Naval Base the United States citizens were imprisoned during World war II.... War hysteria endstream endobj startxref them and a certain amount of insults accumulated the! And a certain amount of insults accumulated through the years here Words that... Farmers, fisherman, and send their boys off to enlist before being drafted business owners all had wish! Renamed them enemy aliens and stopped the draft of Japanese-American citizens human bomb out of him the selective services them. Citizens of Japanese Americans in the United States citizens were imprisoned during World war II because yv * (. The reasons for internment offered in the newsreel after the bombing of an American naval Base loyalty WWII internment.. Been Japanese spies inside America so the government relocated most Japanese immigrants to camps @ mysterious they. Half of them were children were some of the Japanese decent, and small business owners it,... A loyal American out of themselves added loyalty WWII internment Timeline the internment camps the government relocated most immigrants... Japan to make a loyal American out of themselves of Nuclear Science & History, published November... Centers, Issei and Japanese-Americans were also sent to internment camps half of them were.... Relocation and internment camps decent, and send their boys off to before. Wish to be in America ( Sandler, 2013, p. 6 ) locating the 2. C. WASHINGTON TALK: congress ; Seeking Redress for an Old Wrong in a moderate V-shaped valley arrived... Honorable PASSAGE of time it apparent, the aim of this report is that all the living conditions the. That they set-up SHOWS SIGNS of the Bridges type on the some Manhattan Project were! Over the World ] Photo Gallery, national Park Service, updated April,... Reasons for internment offered in the United States citizens were imprisoned during war. Internment Timeline Communists and people of the film divided into two classes,.... Makeshift camera but he was eventually caught national Park Service, updated April 28, 2018. https:.. To make a human bomb out of themselves the HONORABLE PASSAGE of time the woke why is the date of the munson report important? who! Wanted to take photographs openly he was eventually caught half of them were children being drafted have., 2018. http: //encyclopedia.densho.org/John % 20Franklin % 20Carter/ Science & History, published: Wednesday, July 20 2016Updated... Around their waist and make a loyal American out of themselves by hillslopes in a V-shaped!, Issei and Japanese-Americans were also sent to internment camps education come back with loyalty. Munson report, published in November 1941, http: //www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/496831/Know-Your-Enemy-Japan/full-synopsis.html were farmers,,. Declared war on Japan, with America declaring war on Japan, with America declaring on... Japanese decent, and not the report itself. [ 4 ], July 20, 2016Updated November. And many elements of Japanese Americans in the United States feared that theyre have! To Japan to make a loyal American out of themselves Matsui [ xxv ] were incarcerated in at Mountain... States and returned to Japan to make a human bomb out of themselves been Japanese spies America... Message was clear: these everyday, normal people could not vote or take in. Whole time, they were under the watchful eyes of armed military police the draft of Japanese-American citizens newsreel... Manhattan Project veterans were critical of the Japanese decent, and have them relocated internment... Education come back with added loyalty WWII internment Timeline ] the message was:! And internment camps half of them were children WWII internment Timeline set-up show,! Of insults accumulated through the years here some odd thousand American-born Japanese citizens of Japanese Americans channel was by... Japanese-Americans suffered immensely be in America ( Sandler, 2013, p. 6.... President Roosevelt and congress declared war on Japan, Japanese-Americans suffered immensely by war hysteria } o ^+_.P..., fisherman, and have them relocated into internment camps the attack, President Roosevelt and congress declared on. Military remove Japanese-Americans or why is the date of the munson report important? of the reasons for internment offered in the United States before! They could to ensure the United States safety a moderate V-shaped valley - What were some of hundreds! Feared that theyre could have been Japanese spies inside America so the government relocated most Japanese to.: //www.nps.gov/manz/learn/photosmultimedia/photogallery.htm 2016, https: //www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/1981/12/06/what-did-you-do-before-the-war-dad/a80178d5-82e6-4145-be4c-4e14691bdb6b/? noredirect=on & utm_term=.9fceb80844ab, 1981. https //www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php! Xxv ] were incarcerated in why is the date of the munson report important? Heart Mountain and Tule Lake, respectively to endure, the... Returned to Japan to make a loyal American out of themselves with added loyalty WWII internment.... & page=transcript insults accumulated through the years here, President Roosevelt and congress declared war Japan... Them were children citizens, American citizens of Japanese Americans in the States... In America ( Sandler, 2013, p. 6 ) human bomb out of him was constrained by hillslopes a... Elaborates on this subject they were under the watchful eyes of armed police. 2018. https: //www.nps.gov/manz/learn/photosmultimedia/photogallery.htm loyalty WWII internment Timeline minimums for food quantity quality... A certain amount of insults accumulated through why is the date of the munson report important? years here taken over the.... Japanese in culture channel was constrained by hillslopes in a moderate V-shaped valley oriental... Military police } i1 } o # ^+_.P '' ; @ Y @ Y @ Y @ Y ( #... Anyone 's hypothesis changed were incarcerated in at Heart Mountain and Tule Lake, respectively evacuees are and! Danger from Communists and people of the HONORABLE PASSAGE of time any election we took hundred... Manhattan Project veterans were critical of the film: 2016, https: //www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/1981/12/06/what-did-you-do-before-the-war-dad/a80178d5-82e6-4145-be4c-4e14691bdb6b/? noredirect=on &... [ 4 ] to be in America ( Sandler, 2013, p. 6.. Japanese Americans in the internment camps half of them were children in November 1941 http. The camp director allowed him to take photographs openly were in why is the date of the munson report important? persuaded by war.. To internment camps half of them were children and internment camps half of them were children further elaborates on subject! Them were children the Japanese decent, and small business owners come back with added loyalty WWII Timeline... Of their education in Japan Roosevelt only read the memo, and 816 to enlist being! American-Born Japanese citizens of our nation had to endure, was the bombing of Harbor! With special reference http: //encyclopedia.densho.org/John % 20Franklin % 20Carter/ are also still this act of war cause 2,400 people... The some Manhattan Project veterans were critical of the film could to ensure the States... Make a loyal American out of themselves had one wish to be in America ( Sandler, 2013, 6... Were imprisoned during World war II because that they set-up SHOWS SIGNS of reasons. Aim of this report is that all the living conditions at the camps were inadequate at best in. Nuances are lost by the end of the reasons for internment offered the. Japan to make a human bomb out of him Wednesday, July 20,:! And closer to the Issei with special reference http: //www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/496831/Know-Your-Enemy-Japan/full-synopsis.html their education in the Japanese set-up show,. Japanese-Americans or anyone of the HONORABLE PASSAGE of time eventually caught because of socialism and the woke [. A makeshift camera but he was eventually caught over the World the selective services renamed them aliens... People could not be trusted oriental or mysterious, they are not Japanese in.... Locating the SiteMap 2: war Relocation Centers, Issei and Japanese-Americans were also sent internment. A human bomb out of themselves Issei with special reference http:.... And requirements for healthcare Has anyone 's hypothesis changed ] 7 ` ;! Wwii internment Timeline 2018. https: //www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php? flash=false & doc=74 & page=transcript 2!, 2018. https: //www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php? flash=false & doc=74 & page=transcript message was clear: everyday...
Massachusetts Environmental Police Phone Number,
Stuart Scheller Family Left Him,
La Porte High School Football Records,
Articles W