exogamy is exogamic exogamousadj. exogamyn.[] exomis exosmosisn Some societies frown on cousin marriage so much that even distant cousins are forbidden. In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. Omissions? Just as it may be difficult to find a non-related mate in a very small population, it may also be difficult in a geographically isolated population to find a mate without allowing marriage to cousins. Create an account to start this course today. These are most often the locus of exogamy; marrying a member of ones own clan or moiety typically constitutes a form of incest. They could, but it is likely that both women might have babies at the same time. Though marriage primarily involves developing a social bond between those who are getting married, how their lives are shaped hinges heavily on the type of household they will live in. In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. The following findings support pathogen theory: Higher pathogen load predicts polygyny (Low 1990; Hooper 2006; Barber 2008; Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019). Marriage outside this group is exogamy. A second evolutionary theory suggests that polygyny may be an adaptation for populations facing a high pathogen load (Low 1990; M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007). So, what is exogamy? "[6] In French populations, people who reproduce with their first cousin develop cystinosis at a greater rate than the general population.[7]. In the Nayar case, men were typically engaged in soldiering; in the Na case, men organized caravans for long-distance trade. Minturn, Leigh, Martin Grosse, and Santoah Haider. There are three main types of exogamy: Endogamy, the practice of marrying within one's group, is the opposite of exogamy. Societies with the highest degree of social stratification have less polygyny (Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019), which is contrary to the idea that male inequality generally will favor polygyny. Respect: Partners should respect each other's boundaries, opinions, and decisions. 1960. In addition, while extended families are associated with agriculture and sedentariness, the associations are very not very strong (Pasternak, Ember, and Ember 1976). The origins of exogamy are uncertain, but it is thought to have arisen independently in different parts of the world. Ember, Melvin, Carol R. Ember, and Bobbi S. Low. On the other hand, bride price. Other causes of sex ratio imbalance in favor of females include migration of men for work or trade. Still, the individual tribe within the other totem (half of the moiety) is not controlled. Thus, exogamy meaning is defined as intentionally marrying outside one's group, clan, or social unit. 2016. 1976. All societies have at least one rule about whom one cannot marry, namely, the prohibition on marriage to brothers or sisters or parents (the incest taboo). Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. in societies that both lack polygyny and have high levels of social stratification (Gaulin and Boster 1990). matrilocal Some studies have not found support for the sex ratio theory, but measures of polygyny were different (Hooper 2006; Quinlan and Quinlan 2007) or variable was imputed (Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019).. Some scholars have argued that endogamy is inherently discriminatory against women, since it allows men from each tribe to choose which women they will marry. Pathogen stress is more likely to be problematic when populations are denser. Exogamy, also known as out-marriage, is a socially accepted arrangement for marriage outside of a social group. Adultery is one mechanism of producing offspring if a couple cannot have children. 25 chapters | Pathogen stress is the only predictor of nonsororal polygyny in state societies. The custom is common among indigenous groups in the northwest Amazon, such as the Tucano tribes. [citation needed] If a cousin marriage has accrued in a known ancestral tree of a person, in historical time, it is referred to as pedigree collapse. Endogamy: It is a rule of marriage in which the life-partners are to be selected within the group. extended families and/or unilineal descent groups (Stephens 1963; Lee and Stone 1980). Sex ratios favoring females (M. Ember 1974; Barber 2008). Moreover, exogamy has been associated with enhanced open communication which ultimately leads to greater mutual understanding and harmony between individuals. This would have helped to introduce new genes and prevent closely related individuals from mating with each other. In particular, groups that prioritize kinship (such as clans of indigenous people or moieties, meaning two kinship groups into which a group of people is divided for identification purposes) often practice forms of exogamy due to its ability to preserve lineages and reduce birth defects. In such circumstances, it is reproductively advantageous to marry someone, rather than no one. But, while marriage and families may be virtually universal, this does not mean that marriage and family customs are the same across cultures. Figures from the SCCS also informed the included pie chart below., There are only 2 polyandrous societies in the SCCS., Of the various types of polygyny, limited is most common, followed by nonsororal polygyny, and then sororal polygyny., A cross-species study of mammals and birds M. Ember and Ember (1979) found that an excess of females also predicted polygynous versus monogamous bonding. Pearson, Willie, Jr., and Lewellyn Hendrix. A greater importance placed on inheritable property (Rosenblatt and Unangst 1974). if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,600],'anthropologyreview_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_10',615,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-anthropologyreview_org-medrectangle-3-0');You might be thinking, Exo-what now? Dont worry, youre not alone. 2000. A type of polyandry where a womans husbands are all considered to be her childrens fathers, contribute to their wellbeing, and live with their wife. There are many advantages to the practice of exogamy. It is more likely to be the glue that holds a marriage together when economic production moves out of the household. Edvard Westermarck said an aversion to marriage between blood relatives or near kin emerged with a parental deterrence of incest. An exogamous marital arrangement is one where individuals marry outside of their own social group. It is most common among groups that reckon descent through either the father (patrilineality) or the mother (matrilineality) alone. Asymmetrical cross-cousin marriage with preferred or prescribed matrilateral cross-cousin marriage is more likely in patrilineal societies, those societies that are not bilateral, and in those societies with strong economic marriage transactions (Textor 1967; Coult 1965). Munck, Victor de, and Jennifer McGreevey. If the complexity of marriage ceremonies indicates the level of social interest in marriage, then it may relate to how strongly a society will restrict womens sexual relationships outside of marriage, further establishing marriage as an institution for reproduction. Polygyny provides a man with more opportunities to have a large number of childrengenerally, the more wives, the more children. Alternatively, indirect dowry can be thought of as a combination of bride price paid first and then dowry. Pearson and Hendrix (1979) suggest that the relationship between higher female status and more divorce may help explain earlier findings (e.g., Minturn, Grosse, and Haider (1969)) that divorce is easier in matrilocal societies inasmuch as female status tends to be higher in such societies. It is a legally recognized union between two or more people, typically involving a commitment to shared responsibilities and privileges. Elaborate marriage ceremonies typically involve a large number of people from the community, potentially increasing social interest in the marriage. Finally, the increased acceptability of interracial and interfaith marriages has also made exogamy more common. And what if a woman has no brother, or what if a family has one brother and three sisters? However,. It's often practiced as a custom, though it can also be dictated by law or happen by circumstance. marriage This social group can be defined in a number of ways, including by race, ethnicity, religion, caste, clan, or family. 2012. 1990. Family relationships may also be affected by the type and form of marriage. A type of polygyny in which a man is married to two or more women, specifically sisters. We also know that societies with arranged marriage societies are more likely to have. A type of polygyny where only a limited number of men, usually those of greater wealth or social status, have multiple wives simultaneously. Kenya This was once a very taboo practice, as marriages were seen as a way to unite two families of the same faith. Little non-human primate babies can cling to a mothers fur as she moves about to eat, but for human primates bipedalism and the loss of hair made this difficult. Simple exogamy is in practice in the Indian tribes and North American. An exogamous marital arrangement is one where individuals marry outside of their own social group. But, the pathogen stress theory suggests that women can maximize the health of their offspring by choosing to marry a healthy man, even if the man already has a wife or wives. Why? In other cultures, social recognition of marriage is dependent on a successful trial period. The first, double tomb AY80 is an impressive stone cist containing a male with a copper halberd and a dagger, who was buried after a female. Indeed, in a number of cross-cultural studies, higher female contribution to subsistence is significantly associated with more polygyny (Heath 1958; Burton and Reitz 1981; White and Burton 1988; Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019; but see M. Ember 1984). Extended families may provide alternative caretakersgrandparental caretaking in particular is associated with higher warmth towards children. "One marriage out of twenty is wonderful, four are good, ten are tolerable, and five are . 2011). One economic theory focuses on how much women contribute to subsistence. More geographically isolated societies are more likely to allow cousin marriage (Hoben, Buunk, and Fisher 2016). Strengthen bonds between large communities by creating familial bonds by marriage. In addition, families may encourage their children to marry someone from a wealthy or influential family in order to gain social status or improve their financial prospects. Genomic transformation and social organization during the Copper Age-Bronze Age transition in southern . In the past, these types of marriages were considered taboo. Exogamous marriage or exogamy is the custom of marrying outside a specified group of people to which a person belongs. Given the importance of culture to human survival, it is not surprising that all societies have some form of family, minimally composed of a parent (or guardian) and at least one child. However, marriage is far from a necessary solution to the sharing problem. Second, societies with arranged marriages are more likely to have rape of women (Apostolou 2017). Sharing can be done by brothers and sisters or by larger social groups such as bands; indeed, hunters regularly share large game with an entire band. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. A pattern of marital residence in which couples typically live with or near the wifes parents. dance Using this line of reasoning, Boserup explains why societies with long-fallow agriculture, which involves rotating through relatively large tracts of land, is associated with polygyny compared with societies practicing plow agriculture on permanent plots of land. Bilateral Descent: Definition & Variations, Incest, Endogamy & Exogamy: Definition & Examples, Bride Price, Dowry & Other Economic Marriage Customs, Plural Marriage vs. Monogamy: Definition & Types, Social Status: Caste vs. Class and Social Stratification, Family of Procreation: Definition & Example, Family of Orientation: Definition & Example, Interracial Marriage: Definition, History & Laws, Studying Political Organization in Anthropology: Help and Review, Studying Religion in Anthropology: Help and Review, Applications of Anthropology: Help and Review, ILTS School Counselor (235): Test Practice and Study Guide, Praxis Environmental Education (0831) Prep, Praxis Social Studies: Content Knowledge (5081) Prep, Praxis Business Education: Content Knowledge (5101) Prep, DSST Human Cultural Geography: Study Guide & Test Prep, Foundations of Education: Certificate Program, Praxis English Language Arts - Content & Analysis (5039): Practice & Study Guide, NY Regents Exam - US History and Government: Test Prep & Practice, NY Regents Exam - Global History and Geography: Tutoring Solution, ILTS Social Science - Sociology and Anthropology (249): Test Practice and Study Guide, FTCE School Psychologist PK-12 (036) Prep, How School Counselors Can Help Students Maintain Healthy Family Relationships, Strategies for Counseling Students on Sexual Abuse, Disaster Management: Dealing with an Environmental Crisis, Miller v. California in 1973: Summary & Decision, American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU): History, Mission & Lawsuits, Democratic-Republican Party: Definition & History, What is the Tea Party Movement? The children of siblings of the same gender (i.e., the children of a woman and her sister or of a man and his brother are parallel cousins to each other). migration To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Almost all societies also have the custom of marriage, so a marriage partner is usually part of the basic family unit. The religion of Islam insists that daughters must inherit in addition to sons (although daughters receive only half the amount as sons). Exogamy is usually defined through kinship rather than ethnicity, religion, or class. Two families that are connected by at least one blood tie that form a single social and/or economic unit. If every person has a relatively small number of first cousins, the proportion of first cousins in a small community will be much higher than the proportion of cousins in a large town or city. Similar to dowry except that the goods or money originate from the grooms kin and they are either passed to the bride directly or passed indirectly via her family. Love as a basis of marriage is antithetical to arranged marriage (Hull 1989). Exogamy implies the practice of marrying outside of one's own group. The children of siblings of the opposite gender (i.e., the children of a woman and her brother are cross-cousins to each other). In contrast, in socially simpler societies, the entire population of able-bodied men may be expected to be warriors.6. In fact, most of the time you'll find the word you are looking for after typing only one or two letters. The rule that requires marriage to a person within ones own group (kin, caste, community). Families are essential for human development. Khel is the name given to residents of a particular place and the people of one khel cannot inter-marry. Why? Bride price or substantial transactions of wealth accompanying the marriage (Frayser 1985; Rosenblatt and Unangst 1974). These problems relate to the division of labor by gender, a very long infant dependency, and sexual competition, but each of them have logical flaws (C. R. Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2019). Marriage is one method for societies to establish a reproductive relationship between the bride and groom. In about half the societies around the world (48%), parents or other elders play an important role in arranging a marriage; in the remaining societies, individual choice is the major way a potential spouse is identified. A more recent example is the Mosuo or Na of Yunnan in southwest China. An analysis of hunting-gathering societies using language history not only supports this conclusion but suggests that arranged marriage may go back further to the early migration of humans out of Africa (Walker et al. The belief that a child can have more than one biological father. While there is considerable research on the type of marriage and the conditions associated with it, aside from some research on aloofness/intimacy there is relatively little known about the quality of the marital relationship. Consistent with this, polygynous societies are more likelihood to believe that that sex with women is dangerous. In addition, societies with high father absence are more likely to have male initiation ceremonies. There are a wide variety of theories that have been offered to explain polygyny. He tells us, When I asked more specifically whether the children of first cousins were allowed to marry, people gave me a decided no and added in an indignant tone: Do not ask further; blood relatives may not be united! (Gusinde 1931, 48889). Because inbreeding is generally deleterious (first cousins share 1/8 of their genes and therefore have a higher likelihood of producing a child with a double recessive gene), theory suggests that is advantageous to forbid cousin marriage the more likely it will occur by chance. In many cultures, marriage involves major economic considerations that may involve natural resources, currency, service, or other transactions. However, they found that the complexity of a society introduced a qualification, namely that, High mortality rate predicts nonsororal polygyny in non-state societies, but not in state societies. 2005. Frazer[11] says that exogamy was begun to maintain the survival of family groups, especially when single families became larger political groups. negative attitudes towards female premarital sex (Apostolou 2017). necropolis The authors postulate that, in the absence of a social network system to support people when they grow old, having children is vital for parents future survival. Relatively small societies that have recently experienced severe loss of population due to introduced disease and that are also relatively small (more than 1,000 but less than 25,000 in the society) are more likely to allow first cousin marriage (M. Ember 1975). Lee, Gary R., and Lorene Hemhill Stone. Why? Unfortunately, they did not measure family in exactly the same way as Nimkoff and Middleton (they termed their variable family complexity and included societies with considerable polygyny in the same category with extended family households. 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