", Helen Chapin Metz, ed. To establish settled government in the newly won districts; To improve and extend native footpaths throughout the country; To construct properly graded roads in the more populated districts; To clear the numerous rivers in the country and make them suitable for launch and canoe traffic; and. The yoruba-Igbo rivalry became increasingly important in Nigerian politics. [13], The Colonial Office accepted Lugard's proposal that the Governor would not be required to stay in-country full-time; consequently, as Governor, Lugard spent four months out of the year in London. Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1012. The 1922 constitution provided Nigerians with the chance to elect a handful of representatives to the Legislative Council. Many changes accompanied British rule: Western education, the English language, and Christianity spread during the period; new forms of money, transportation, and communication were developed; and the Nigerian economy became based on the export of cash crops. Not wishing to appear out of control or weak, they approved the expedition (two days after it began) on 19 January 1903.,[47] In general, the Colonial Office allowed Lugard's expeditions to continue because they were framed as retaliatory and, as Olivier commented in 1906, "If the millions of people [in Nigeria] who do not want us there once get the notion that our people can be killed with impunity they will not be slow to attempt it."[48]. The risings in the midwest of Nigeria and the Niger delta during the early stages of the war cannot be understood except in the context of falling prices for palm products, and the drop in trade due to the exclusion of the . Revolts in against water rates and the alienation of indigenous land in 1908 and 1911 served to unite native African elites and working class residents. In 1923 Herbert Macaulay, the grandson of Samuel Ajayi Crowther, established the first Nigerian political party, the Nigerian National Democratic Party, which successfully contested three Lagos seats in the Legislative Council. Significantly, the regional governments controlled public expenditures derived from revenues raised within each region. He said that he did "not consider that their past traditions and their present backward cultural conditions afford to any such experiment a reasonable chance of success". (This was also reflective of growing pan-Africanism among American activists of the time.) Combining the three jurisdictions would reduce administrative expenses and facilitate deployment of resources and money between the areas. The principal figure in the political activity that ensued was Herbert Macauley, often referred to as the father of Nigerian nationalism. The Resident also oversaw a Provincial Court at the region's capital. Political opposition to colonial rule often assumed religious dimensions. They later discovered that the demand for . By the end of World War I, most of Africa had been effectively colonized. It was a resistance movement whereby women in the Eastern Provinces of the British colony of Nigeria intended to reverse colonial policies that intruded on their political, economic, and social participation in local communities. Modern nationalists in the south, whose thinking was shaped by European ideas, opposed indirect rule, as they believed that it had strengthened what they considered an anachronistic ruling class and shut out the emerging Westernised elite. Northern leaders committed to modernization were also firmly connected to the traditional power structure. In 1950 Aminu Kano, who had been instrumental in founding the NPC, broke away to form the Northern Elements Progressive Union (NEPU), in protest against the NPC's limited objectives and what he regarded as a vain hope that traditional rulers would accept modernization. Critics, including representatives of the Middle Belt who resented Muslim domination, were relegated to small, peripheral parties or to inconsequential separatist movements.[85]. Nigeria became an independent state on the October 1, 1960 after being a British colony for over 40 years. There was virtually no pressure for greater unity among the regions until after the end of World War II. It was replaced by a new coalition government led by David Lloyd George featuring Conservatives and Lloyd George's supporters in the Liberal Party, while Asquith and the remainder of the Liberals entered opposition.[69]. Contemporary photograph of the same building, now housing the, Developments in colonial policy under Clifford, Emergence of Southern Nigerian nationalism, Constitutional conferences in the UK (195758), All of this section to this point is from. Resistance movements began to rise in . A . The essential basis of this system was a money economyspecifically the British pound sterlingwhich could be demanded through taxation, paid to cooperative natives, and levied as a fine. Although it reserved effective power in the hands of the Governor-General and his appointed Executive Council, the so-called Richards Constitution (after Governor-General Sir Arthur Richards, who was responsible for its formulation) provided for an expanded Legislative Council empowered to deliberate on matters affecting the whole country. In 1916, Sir Edward Carson led the majority of the Conservative and Unionist Party to vote against Party Leader Bonar Law on the issue, forcing it to withdraw from the Asquith coalition and for the government to begin to break apart. By 1919 the National Council of British West Africa, an organization consisting of elites across West Africa, was demanding that half the members of the Legislative Council be Africans; they also wanted a university in West Africa and more senior positions for Africans in the colonial civil service. [63], The Protectorate was centrally administered by the Colonial Civil Service, staffed by Britons and Africans called the British Native Staffmany of whom originated from outside the territory. It assumed that comparable alterations would be made elsewhere, an attitude that won the party minority voting support in the other regions. In 1922 Kamerun was divided under a League of Nations mandate between France and Britain, Britain administering its area within the government of Nigeria; after 1946 the mandated areas were redesignated as a United Nations (UN) trust territory. Although realistic in its assessment of the situation in Nigeria, the Richards Constitution undoubtedly intensified regionalism as an alternative to political unification. . The Kikuyu people of Kenya, like most Africans, were laborers with the women doing most work at home while the men found work across the country. The most powerful figure in the party was Ahmadu Bello, the Sardauna of Sokoto. Colonialism is defined as "control by one power over a dependent area or people.". Individuals could be fined or jailed for refusing to comply.[12]. In: Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs: (1999), vol. 1960-1966: Early diplomatic relations. Britain annexed Lagos in 1861 and established the Oil River Protectorate in 1884. The officers of the RWAFF were British. The colony was created through the consolidation of the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria and the Northern Nigeria Protectorate. "John Beecroft, 17901854: Her Brittanic Majesty's Consul to the Bights of Benin and Biafra 18491854". British staffs in each region continued to operate according to procedures developed before unification. [11] In 1891, the African Banking Corporation founded the Bank of British West Africa in Lagos.[33]. (Specifically it would enable direct subsidy of the less profitable Northern jurisdiction.) Local leaders, cognizant of the situation in the West Indies, India, and elsewhere, recognised the risks of British expansion. With this victory, the British went on to conquer the rest of Yorubaland, which had also been weakened by sixteen years of civil war. The rapid expansion in exports, especially after 1830, occurred precisely at the time slave exports collapsed. [46] Lugard was slow to describe these excursions to the Colonial Office, which apparently learned of preparations to attack Kano from the newspapers in December 1902. Despite the acceptance of European and North American influences, the nationalists were critical of colonialism for its failure to appreciate the antiquity, richness and complexity of indigenous cultures. [22] Many locals remained unconvinced of the Crown's authority to completely reverse the legal and moral attributes of a social institution through fiat. The basic economic units in each town were "houses", family-operated entities that engendered loyalty for its employees. [40] By 1893, most of the other political entities in Yorubaland recognised the practical necessity of signing another treaty with the British, this one explicitly joining them with the protectorate of Lagos. Three constitutions were enacted from 1946 to 1954. Mordi, Emmanuel Nwafor. European colonialists had managed to quell the efforts by Africans to resist the establishment of colonial rule with one exception. In 1946 a new constitution was approved by the British Parliament at Westminster and promulgated in Nigeria. Instead, acts of resistance were usually prompted by some new colonial policy - like taking away land, or forcing people to pay a tax, or forcing them to work for free on roads or railways. Most people under colonialism lived their lives normally until a policy like this came about. He also led the Nigerian National Democratic Party, which dominated elections in Lagos from its founding in 1922 until the ascendancy of the National Youth Movement in 1938. As the emirs settled more and more into their role as reliable agents of indirect rule, colonial authorities were content to maintain the status quo, particularly in religious matters. The Niger Delta and Calabar, which once had been known for the export of slaves, became notable for the export of palm oil. [51], Guidelines for running the Nigerian colony were established in 1898 by the Niger Committee, chaired by the Earl of Selborne, in 1898. It soon gained a virtual monopoly over trade along the River[11]. Economic hardship caused by the war certainly underlay and even provoked resistance against the colonial authorities. Armed resistance decreased in the 1920s but protest continued, "characterised by civil rights and civil . September 24, 2021 at 9:40pm by jones.7592. 1324 Words6 Pages. Although the capital was not moved, Lugard's bias in favour of the Muslim north was clear at the time. He aroused political awareness through his newspaper, the Lagos Daily News. From 1886 to 1899, much of the country was ruled by the Royal Niger Company, authorised by charter, and governed by George Taubman Goldie. The Deputy Governor served as political administrator for company territory and appointed three officials in Nigeria to carry out the work of administration. Until he stepped down as Governor-General in 1918, Lugard primarily was concerned with consolidating British sovereignty and with assuring local administration through traditional rulers. The war years brought a polarization between the older, more parochial leaders inclined toward gradualism and the younger intellectuals, who thought in more immediate terms. Gradually, however, the trade forced major economic and social changes in the interior, although it hardly undermined slavery and the slave trade. [57], From 1895 to 1900, a railway was constructed running from Lagos to Ibadan; it opened in March 1901. British merchants led the trade in palm oil, while the Portuguese and others continued the slave trade. It was suspended in 1950 against a call for greater autonomy, which resulted in an inter-parliamentary conference at Ibadan in 1950. The experiment began in 1890 and was repealed in 1939,[71]. At first, the trade centered around West Central Africa, now the Congo. The growth of Islam in pre-colonial Igbomina / Adesina Yusuf Raji. . It was guerrilla warfare in the case of the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya (1952-60) and Zimbabwe's war of independence (1965-79); it was all . Areas with lucrative crops such as cacao and peanuts (groundnuts) profited, while many people in different parts of the country had to migrate to work elsewhere as tenant farmers or use their newly acquired education and skills to work in cities as wage earners, traders, and artisans. Indigenous Resistance to New Colonialism. By extending the elective principle and by providing for a central government with a Council of Ministers, the Macpherson Constitution gave renewed impetus to party activity and to political participation at the national level. Nigeria: A Country Study. In the 1850s, quinine had been found to combat malaria, and aided by the medicine, a Liverpool merchant, Macgregor Laird, opened the river. [67], The Colonial Office, where Lugard was still held in high regard, accepted that changes might be due in the south, but it forbade fundamental alteration of procedures in the north. Instead, the companies had to be content with a monopoly of the export trade in these products. [73], Africa as a whole was hit by three waves of H1N1 influenza A, the first and second would be the most deadly for the colony of Nigeria. At the turn of the century, top wages were four bags of salt (company retail price, 3s 9d) for a month of work. Among the problems needing attention before the British would grant full independence was the minorities fear of discrimination by a future government based on majority ethnic groups. Like in other countries under imperialist rule, colonialism in Nigeria resulted in numerous positive and negative impacts. A lack of interest in extending the NPC beyond the Northern Region corresponded to this strictly regional orientation. Revolutionary Mahdism and resistance to colonial rule in the Sokoto Caliphate, 1905-6 / by Paul E. Lovejoy and J.S. If the emirs accepted British authority, abandoned the slave trade, and cooperated with British officials in modernizing their administrations, the colonial power was willing to confirm them in office. Later Nigerian troops were sent to East Africa. An extensive immigrant population of southerners, especially Igbo, already were living in the north; they dominated clerical positions and were active in many trades. Newspapers, some of which were published before World War I, provided coverage of nationalist views. Lagos was annexed as a Crown Colony in 1861 via the Lagos Treaty of Cession.[30]. Algeria fought back and eventually was granted self rule and nigeria was put down and never got independance. Several churches were built to serve the Edo community and a small number of African converts. Britain subsequently lobbied other European powers to stop the slave trade as well. It is not a unitary state with local government areas but with one Central Executive and one Legislature. [19], The company considered itself the sole legitimate government of the area, with executive, legislative and judicial powers all subordinate to the rule of a council created by the company board of directors in London. [64], Each region also had a Native Administration, staffed by locals, and possessing a Native Treasury. The slave trade was heaviest in the period 17001850, with an average of 76,000 people taken from Africa each year between 1783 and 1792. . Portuguese Roman Catholic priests who accompanied traders and officials to the West African coast introduced Christianity to the Edo Empire in the fifteenth century. His government guided the country for the next three years, operating with almost complete autonomy in internal affairs. Beecroft was the British representative to Fernando Po, where the African Slave Trade Patrol of the Royal Navy was stationed. In Nigeria, the British colonial administration found perhaps the longest-lasting resistance movement. [25][n 1], The missionaries gained in power throughout the 1800s. In 1907, the corporation received a loan of 25,000, repayable upon discovery of oil. The impact of colonialism in Nigeria could be discussed under political, economic, social, educational and religious aspects. Wartime experiences provided a new frame of reference for many soldiers, who interacted across ethnic boundaries in ways that were unusual in Nigeria. The exploitation of the women's work led to resistance movements and led the women to develop more political awareness and engage in and aid existing decolonization movements. The Action Group consistently supported minority-group demands for autonomous states within a federal structure, as well as the severance of a midwest state from the Western Region. The British, like other newcomers to the slave trade, found . A chief of Bonny in 1860 explained that he refused a British treaty due to the tendency to "induce the Chiefs to sign a treaty whose meaning they did not understand, and then seize upon the country".[14]. In 1794, the African Association in Great Britain commissioned Mungo Park, an intrepid Scottish physician and naturalist, to search for the headwaters of the Niger and follow the river downstream. Lugard's campaign systematically subdued local resistance, using armed force when diplomatic measures failed. The NPC federal parliamentary leader, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, was appointed Prime Minister of Nigeria. [73] The colonial government would enact new legislation in reaction to the pandemic including, travel passes for individuals in the colony, increased usage of sanitary practices, and door to door checks on indigenous Nigerian households. The Treasury used a planned budget for payment of staff and development of public works projects, and therefore could not be spent at the discretion of the local traditional ruler. Protestant missionaries tended to divide the country into spheres of activity to avoid competition with each other, and Catholic missions similarly avoided duplication of effort among the several religious orders working there. Nigeria: ColonizationKatie Graham. what were negative effects of colonial rule in african continent. At the same time it is feasible by degrees to bring them gradually into approximation with our ideas of justice and humanity. After the British government assumed direct control of the Royal Niger Companys territories, the northern areas were renamed the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria, and the land in the Niger delta and along the lower reaches of the river was added to the Niger Coast Protectorate, which was renamed the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria. [31], In 1891, the consulate established the Niger Coast Protectorate Force or "Oil Rivers Irregulars".[32]. 3 The Amakholwa's upsurge as a black, conservative, and educated class in the Cape Colony helped establish political resistance to colonial rule. Slaves formerly had been traded for European goods, especially guns and gunpowder, but now the British encouraged trade in palm oil in the Niger delta states, ostensibly to replace the trade in slaves. A national party, the Nigerian Youth Movement, emerged in 1934, and its members won elections to the Legislative Council. Under Lugard from 1900 to 1906, the Protectorate consolidated political control over the area through military conquest and initiated the use of British currency in substitute for barter. Published August 7, 2020. The British accomplished the colonization by using its military. In time, they built depots onshore and eventually moved up the Niger River to establish stations in the interior. The political parties jockeyed for positions of power in anticipation of the independence of Nigeria. [37] Economically, local colonial administrators also pushed for the imposition of British colonial rule, believing that trade and taxation conducted in British pounds would prove far more lucrative than a barter trade which yielded only inconsistent customs duties. During World War II, three battalions of the Nigeria Regiment fought against Fascist Italy in the Ethiopian campaign. [19] This scenario provided an opportunity for naval expeditions and reconnaissance throughout the region. [45], A campaign against the Sokoto Caliphate began in 1900 with the creation of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria, under the direction of Governor Lugard. [57], Egerton also supervised improvements to the Lagos harbour and extension of the local telegraph network. They never were able to elect sizeable legislative delegations, but they served as a means of public expression for minority concerns. His political platform called for economic and educational development, Africanization of the civil service, and self-government for Lagos. [11][12], The amalgamation of different ethnic and religious groups into one federation created internal tension which persists in Nigeria to the present day.[13]. Although this trade grew to significant proportionspalm oil exports alone were worth 1 billion a year by 1840it was concentrated near the coast, where palm trees grew in abundance. Britain annexed Lagos in 1861 and established the Oil River Protectorate in 1884. In contrast to Lugard, Clifford argued that colonial government had the responsibility to introduce as quickly as practical the benefits of Western experience. In the south the British occasionally created a political hierarchy where there had been none before; in most cases they ruled through those who were most malleable, whether these people had held traditional positions of authority or not. They gathered information which was needed for policy-making in administration. Jaja of Opobo allied with hrs old friends namely Alobo and Onaba to resist the British colonialists in the Niger Delta states. 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