These would be created much later, with the first patent being awarded to the aforementioned Henry C. Dobson in 1878. a. "[3] In fact, there is no proof that Sweeney introduced either innovation. This is done to make the long strings and scale length more manageable. Who lead the Ambassador Orchestra, the most successful dance band of the 1920s? Which white actor invented the minstrel character "Jim Crow?". And by the 1860s black performers [were] going on the stage themselves and performing in a similar manner. John Philip Sousa Which White banjo virtuoso lead the Virginia Minstrels? I think it's more important to study history as it is, lest we ever repeat ourselves. The local craftsmen who received and developed the instrument from black slaves had few other materials to hand and were likely limited to this simple design. When $\sout{you are}$ setting up the computer, read the instructions carefully. It affects everybody, so people are struggling for ways to define themselves, struggling for ways to enjoy life, and humor largely has to do with making fun of or making jokes about people's behavior. An enormous amount of American musical history and tradition is tied up with the banjo in this, its earliest standardized form. He became the sniveling black man who was really a coward and was ignorant and somewhat comical in his connection to the slave masters. (Enter your ZIP code for information on American Experience events and screening in your area.). They loved it. And that may just be the condition of being white in America, but I think that there's a kind of evasion of the full implications of Foster. Which of the following artists recorded "Chicago Electric Blues"? An Original Ethiopian Walkround" by Daniel Decatur Emmett. Minstrelsy is one of the hardest things to talk about because minstrelsy is all things to all people, and it's intentionally so. Minstrel troupes toured the United States constantly from the 1840s until the 1870s, helping create an embryonic national popular culture. And T. D. Rice, in that moment of exploding off the stage, took us into a completely new realm of popular culture where white audiences (and Thomas Dartmouth Rice is himself a white actor who put on blackface to pretend to be that African-American on the street of Louisville), and in that moment, whites in the audience as well as white actors appropriated an aspect of African-American culture and changed the face of popular culture. Center for American Music, U. of Pittsburgh, Sign up for the American Experience newsletter! Al Jolson billed himself as "The World's Greatest Entertainer". In 1845, Joel, Sam, and Dick formed the minstrel troupe "Old Joe's Minstrels". He was a cornet player and leader of the Original Dixieland Jazz Band. Which of the following became the first nationwide commercial radio network in 1926? These are the authentic slave songs, these are the authentic slaves' tunes." ", One repetition of verse-and-chorus within a song's structure. Copyright 2010 Center for American Music. It was the way the world was. https://quizlet.com/175518344/music-162-questions-ch-1-5-flash-cards Although early minstrelsy relied on existing American and British genres, by the 1820s the American minstrel show had developed a distinctive national character. Gradually, they would change it, they would make modifications. And that needs always to be forefront in any consideration of this. So actually I loved Stephen Foster songs as a child and basically in a sense, still do. Additionally, the bridges on minstrel banjos tend to be positioned in the center of the head, or even higher, closer to the neck. Much more so than today, audiences controlled what went on the stage. And they felt that they had a right to have someone do the dance again if they particularly liked it or the song. But I think that the rousing nature of the event -- I mean, this is a moment in theater history when it was typical and more or less sanctioned for men to rush the stage. Today's clawhammer banjo is descended directly from stroke style, with the original style considered to be more complex than our modern version. And minstrelsy was one of those special kind of inventions that enable you to speak to the oppression that you are feeling from the top and to give yourself a niche in society that was different from those that you hoped to be below you, African-Americans. Which artist was the focus of the first documented example of modern pop hysteria, the so-called Columbus Day Riot of 1944? African American composer and pianist; the best-known composer of ragtime music. He first performed throughout central Virginia for county court sessions. Which White banjo virtuoso lead the Virginia Minstrels? WebBlues is a music genre and musical form which originated in the Deep South of the United States around the 1860s. During the 1850s, the minstrel shows integrated more "genteel" entertainment in the form of popular and sentimental ballads of the day. Scott Joplin's first successful piece was "Maple Leaf Rag" (1898). The middle part consisted of the "olio," a potpourri of dancing and musical virtuosity, with parodies of Italian operas, stage plays, and visiting European singing groups. After a performance by Dan Emmett at the Bowery Amphitheatre Circus, the New York Herald wrote, "Emmit's [sic] banjo playing is fully equal to Jo [sic] Sweeney's, and far ahead of any other now in the United States. The publisher of Songs Composed around two hundred songs during the 1840s, 1850s, and early 1860s; regarded as the first important composer of American popular song. I think that as an industrial order arises and then clamps down in the 1830s and 1840s in America, it is not countenanced anymore that when you're in the shop, one person reads to the other workers from the newspaper while they work. This was accompanied by a "Comic Morris Dance by the whole company". In that enslaved society, humor becomes a way in which people can define their class position. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> But I think it is necessary to adapt them, maybe by just learning the instrumental, just learning the melody or by changing the lyrics, learning the changed lyrics because to sing them in their original form would be, I think, just perpetuating a stereotype that is no longer useful or no longer helpful or no longer functions in the same way in American society as it did in the 1840s and 1850s. The minstrel show was "born" about the same time as Foster and quickly became the most popular form of public entertainment in the U.S. It was even -- foreign. The classic blues included artists like Bessie Smith, Alberta Hunter, and Ethel Waters. John Philip Sousa. Eric Lott: Also a trained anthropologist, Hurston collected folklore throughout the South and Caribbean reclaiming, honoring and celebrating Black life on its own terms. [Consider] the stereotype of Uncle Tom, for instance, the black man who is without backbone and who is really the white man's black man. The basic features of the blues form include which of the following? Dale Cockrell: It's actually getting inside the persons of slaves and free blacks in the North, and there are whole sets of complications and contradictions that arise from that simple fact. In 1842, in New York City, the songwriter Daniel Decatur Emmett and three companions devised a program of singing and dancing in blackface to the accompaniment of bone castanets, violin, banjo, and tambourine. So Rice's characterization of blacks then reaffirmed what mainstream America had been thinking all along. As a blackface performer, he introduced the "Jim Crow" character. What was the first form of musical and theatrical entertainment regarded by European audiences as distinctively American in character? WebWhich White banjo virtuoso lead the Virginia Minstrels? 2023 by the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia. Frets would not become widespread on the 5-string banjo until 1878, introduced by Henry C. Dobson and then formally manufactured by the Buckbee Company. n0%f|U9l 7?j`l7"tiNf]?uhgM Z4i[&LY_x These elements of culture, songs, stories, jokes, toasts, all of these kind of things which once before had only really been very localized, through transportation and through new kinds of printing technologies and new methods of diffusing all kinds of cultural products, come to be portable. I began my career as a rock journalist and critic. Fath Ruffins: It accompanies dances featuring sexual role-playing and was originally suppressed by Cuban authorities. In theory, you can achieve the original minstrel tuning on a modern banjo. Dale Cockrell: 2. Instead, you would most likely have been playing on a minstrel instrument, in the minstrel style, and - with a smattering of talent - in one of hundreds of minstrel groups performing to audiences right across the United States. Papers of Daniel Decatur Emmett and the Ankeney Family, 1850-1881. They celebrated the exploits of black heroes and "bad men.". That's one of the reasons why I emphasize that the lyrics have changed over the years. It's at the very earliest moments where Americans are beginning to define who they are distinctively apart from the rest of the world, particularly apart from western Europe, where many American ancestors had come from. Which honky-tonk artist recorded "The Wild Side of Life?". WebWhich of the following became the conductor of the U.S. Marine Band? Theatrical productions, concerts, dances, exhibitions, including Barnum-style "museums" all drew large audiences. Crosby constantly varies his dynamics within individual phrases. In probably the summer of 1830, Thomas Dartmouth Rice, who was called "Daddy" Rice, a sort of minor character actor out of New York City, was in Louisville, Kentucky. Combined with a low tuning and thick, gut strings; the plunky, melancholic sound of stroke style on minstrel banjos reflects its dark history amongst slaves. Which of the following is generally true about Tin Pan Alley songs? Dieser Artikel wurde entwickelt, um den Bedrfnissen unserer Kunden entsprechend zu werden und bietet eine Vielzahl von neuen Funktionen. What is the term for a repeated musical pattern designed to generate rhythmic momentum? Huckleberry Finnis, I think -- this is hotly debated now -- but it's ambiguous to this day in ways that I think still one could make a fairly defensible argument for withholding [it] from school students until a certain age, 13 and 14, when they're able to deal with certain of the racial implications. At this time, Dick Pelham met up with Sweeney and Brower, and the trio decided to reform the Virginia Minstrels with Sweeney as banjoist. What was the first form of musical and theatrical entertainment regarded by European audiences as distinctively American in character? The high-pitched, thumb or drone string (the chanterelle, the fifth on a modern banjo) is seen on surviving 18th-century four-string banjos, and in banjo illustrations that long pre-date Sweeney's heyday. How can we understand our past, which created what we are today, without looking this in the eye -- and hearing it in the ear? Which pianist, organist, and bandleader recorded "Mambo No. Which white banjo virtuoso lead the Virginia Minstrels? 1843The Virginia Minstrels 1. What other famous New York entertainment industry was closely related to Tin Pan Alley because many of the songrwiters worked in both fields? Scott Joplin Who invented the At one and the same moment, though, you have a real interest, cross-racial interest in what it feels like to be a black person. It won't do any good, I believe, simply to sweep Stephen Foster under the rug of political correctness and ignore both the racism that is endemic in his music and the many instances in which his music transcends that racism. By the 1840s, the banjo was widely associated with southern slaves through minstrel shows, performed by white men in blackface, which became the prevailing form of theatrical entertainment in America for most of the century. Finger picking would soon overtake it as the dominant banjo style, although minstrel style remained popular and was preserved in the isolated Appalachian mountains and out West. I think that they are catchy, wonderful, popular tunes that really reflect something interesting about the United States. And most of that came from minstrelsy. Which of the following is true about the Afro-Cuban rumba? Virginia Minstrels: A minstrel troupe led by the Which of the following is true of Bing Crosby's recording of "How Deep Is the Ocean"? Which big band got its first big break in 1934 on the radio program "Let's Dance," which was sponsored by the National Biscuit Company? Secondly, and perhaps even more embarrassing, is his extreme sentimentality in an age that prides itself on being ironic and cool. For which of the following was Mario Bauza known? Which of the following was an influential ragtime pianist and composer? London: D'Almaine, 1840. What stream of music typically consisted of ballads, versus, chorus, and strophic form? endstream So that image came totally from minstrelsy, and if we could go down the line and point out other ways in which those images pervaded the society at that time, those were the images, that was the sense of what black people were like. "Outlandish claims have been made about Sweeney, from his being the "inventor" of the banjo to his being the first white man to play the banjo. American Music publishes articles on American composers, performers, publishers, institutions, events, and the music industry, as well as book and recording reviews, bibliographies, and discographies. I believe as a teacher, and as a historian, that they should be placed in the historical context and people should understand where these songs fit and why. To give expression to life energy through the body is a disruption of that middle-class value system. They were trying to exaggerate and make [something] exotic. Daniel Emmett. WebWhich white banjo virtuoso lead the Virginia Minstrels? He toured through Virginia in WebWhich White banjo virtuoso lead the Virginia Minstrels? WebLed by a white banjo virtuoso Dan Emmett (1815-1904), created lengthy stage performance that featured a standardized group of performers: Mr.Interlocutor- lead You can't drink at work anymore. Minstrelsy effectively did that. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Which artist was the first black musician to host his own weekly radio series (1948-1949) and the first to have a network television show (1956-1957)? The act itself gradually grew in complexity, developing a unique three part structure and cast of recognizable characters. After the Civil War, African-American companies took to the stage and rivaled the popularity of their white counterparts. And what do you sing around the campfire? Born to a farming family in Appomattox County, Virginia, he claimed to have learned to play the banjo from local enslaved Africans. Songs of the Virginny Banjoist brought together many of Daniel Decatur Emmett's most popular minstrel pieces. I think it becomes much clearer when one looks at black minstrelsy again because when black minstrels started to take to the stage, they were advertised as the real thing. Minstrelsy had clanging banjoes, it had clanking bones. Eric Lott: Joel Walker Sweeney - the first white, professional banjo performer - is often credited with adding the low fourth string around this time. However, by 1843, the Virginia Minstrels, headed by Daniel Decatur Emmett, composer of "Dixie," performed separately. They sang "I heard it through the grapevine." Which film released in 1927 became the first to exploit sound successfully? Which of the following became the conductor of the US Marine Band? Which of the following contributed to the decline of the big bands in the mid to late 1940s? The difference was not so much a structural one because the musical style, the musical structure, the form of the melody and so forth, followed certain European patterns that were derived from the same kinds of music that genteel society were playing and singing. The most offensive of the lyrics used words like "nigger" which would have been common in the 1840s or 1850s [but] the lyrics that I was taught didn't have that in them. Middle-class culture is one that has worshipped the mind and has largely tried to divorce the body from the expression of what they are. James Bland, composer of "Carry Me Back to Old Virginia," and Sam Lucas became known as the leading performers of African-American minstrel shows and eventually branched into other forms of musical theater. The new Virginia Minstrels performed in Dublin at the Theatre Royal from 24 April to 7 May during entr'actes, then continued for a series of entr'actes and complete minstrel shows in Cork, Belfast, then Glasgow by the end of May. Which of the following is true about the tango? And to some extent rhythm, but we tend to overemphasize those differences, I think, in retrospect, because many of the songs that we see that were published by the minstrel troupes, performed by the minstrel troupes, were essentially the same, out of the same stock as what was being performed in the home. This was an ensemble finale in which members of the troupe in various combinations participated in song, instrumental and choral music and dance. Web1. Get the latest on new films and digital content, learn about events in your area, and get your weekly fix of American history. For everyone to kind of be collecting in a rowdy way, right in front of the footlights, be spitting tobacco on the floor in the theater. var googletag = googletag || {}; It's kind of like in the 1950s if you were a middle class guy and you saw Elvis, you knew that Elvis was shaking his hips in ways that weren't typically countenanced for white middle class boys, and that's why all the citizens' councils in the South called Elvis "nigger music" and were terribly afraid that Elvis, white as he was, being ambiguously raced just by being working-class, was going to corrupt the youth of America. What was the first form of musical and theatrical entertainment regarded by European audiences as distinctively American in character? That is part of it, but it's also done by people of African descent. Our publication program covers a wide range of disciplines including psychology, philosophy, Black studies, women's studies, cultural studies, music, immigration, and more. Songwriter and banjoist Daniel Decatur Emmett and the Virginia Minstrels put on a program of song and dance to the accompaniment of bone castanets, violin, banjo, and tambourine. He supposedly added the fifth string because he was "allegedly unhappy with the limited rhythm and melodic variation of the four-string banjos popularly in use. [5] The fifth string gives the banjo a reentrant tuning, a feature that existed in instruments of the ancient Greeks.[6]. There were aesthetic components of this response as well as racial components, as well as class components of this response. It's important to come to terms with Stephen Foster because we have to understand the racial complexity of American culture. That characterization of Uncle Tom did not come from the book by Harriet Beecher Stowe,Uncle Tom's Cabin. Music began to be written with the act in mind and it is during this time that Stephen Foster, legendary American songwriter, penned some of the eras most iconic songs. They say, "We'rewage slaves. Which artist called himself the "Father of the Blues," wrote hits such as "Memphis Blues" and "St. Louis Blues," and was the most influential of the classic blues composers? Which of the following is true about the Music Corporation of America (MCA)? And so the conflict that minstrelsy is playing out is between America as a common-class culture or America as a middle-class culture. 5" and did the most to popularize the mambo throughout Latin America and in the United States? Music is socially defined. "[11] "Jenny Get Your Hoe Cake Done" and "Knock a Nigger Down" became two of Sweeney's signature tunes. 1Ea9}7_yOG(dk:N%gq.O:9B$RZ~"d.LG>+w>/~W@/T]G4zAQWo>hvQ$V~RCk{Myk0}LNiiL-H+Q^(hqI.Zz5n|1'?dgID{C:y@ 'o;Ew F0XbP97k{eioUQv#]$rd0oR_3;h^B-`>[M[Nw$LJI)fxB.s[OP-/A>p5E,">vsMc@tQ~Y]YK-]A$B9~h1\1tN(8gp=yEQ7--zMeumZkEmE2LlWaG&M0q&OftMnE^fyCiCi2koNybIEI2j:M~b&h(ibvnl,yLA'$xgKe[k[s,6y+|PQZt'f4x\+jjbNTLz~DweLUj(Qm[u6];w4)SK7>F*ptvFDF?ps!1y(+JOCAq_ZS]m/v{!bE3[l|. ;tq@.K/ Nv=[!6HM(SU#\jl*1-.,mCD[~&Vi8D0SX+r9eUj+y^Z%}Fj wY>Pbl2 VWij4ZNf7*Qte;u M*L#>rG%0#7C/vA%!+]a{ni8BF{c22sSml-Chvc+Q?8A|3xIIg:w'}fE.:WHwe^rP. WebWhen the Virginia Minstrels came along what they did was to develop other characters, and the characters they developed were much more over the edge than the character Rice had portrayed. Tin Pan Alley songs that have withstood the test of time have become known as: What Tin Pan Alley songwriter had success as a Broadway and Classical composer by combining elements of popular song, Jazz and classical music? They would not become common until well into the 1900s. Contemporary banjos, with their metal strings, frets, and tension hoops, tone rings, etc., have come a long way since their ancestor instruments crossed the Atlantic Ocean from Africa, centuries ago. The music industry's discovery of black music can be traced to a set of recordings made in the early 1920's by which black vaudeville performer? They did not deal directly with the troubling issues of the 1920s and 1930s: racism, massive unemployment, and the rise of fascism in Central and Eastern Europe. Now its political charge varies enormously through the decades, but there are exemplars of the minstrel tradition all around us, both white, as well as black. a. What's the connection between blackface minstrelsy and rock and roll? And perhaps quite rightly they are. The first white performer to establish a wide reputation as a "blackface" entertainer. The masks had become much more grotesque. "[4], Many people assume Sweeney's "fifth string" is the drone stringthe chanterellebut if Sweeney did really add a fifth string, it would have been another, lower string. In 1845, after returning from the UK, Sweeney himself founded the group Old Joe's Minstrels', thus cementing the popularity of the act. It developed during the late nineteenth century in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Thus, parlor banjo was born, named after the private parlors of more well-to-do individuals and organizations in which it was performed. The term minstrel banjo' is often used when referring to the combination of these three trends in American musical history. These long, gut strings produce a far deeper tone than the nickel and steel ones used on modern banjos and are ideal for sliding around on the smooth fingerboard. WebJoel Walker Sweeney (1810 October 29, 1860), also known as Joe Sweeney, was an American musician and early blackface minstrel performer. Sam Sweeney's signature song, possibly penned by Stuart himself, was "Jine the Cavalry." Then when a white boy did it, John Fogerty in Creedence Clearwater, he sang, "I hoid it through the grapevine," almost as if he was going to exaggerate the black characteristics. The "father of American minstrelsy" was Thomas Dartmouth "Daddy" Rice, who, between 1828 and 1831, developed a song-and-dance routine in which he impersonated an old, crippled black slave, dubbed Jim Crow. He is the earliest known person to have played the banjo on stage. The Christy Minstrels, headed by actor Edwin P. Christy, began appearing a few years later and originated many essential features of the minstrel show, including the seating of the entertainers in a semicircle on the stage, with a tambourine player (Mr. Tambo) at one end and a castanet player (Mr. Bones) at the other; the singing of songs, often referred to as Ethiopian melodies, with harmonized choruses; the exchange of jokes between the endmen and the performer in the center seat (Mr. Interlocutor). The song was recorded in 1939 by the Glenn Miller Orchestra. It emerged in the Mississippi Delta and was first recorded in the 1920s. White songwriter Dan Emmett, along with three musical accomplices - including Billy Whitlock on banjo - devised the first of these shows and performed it in New York, in February 1843. Read about Charlotte Susanna Foster, Jane McDowell Foster,Stephen Collins Foster andWilliam Barclay Foster. 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