What my heart plans is done with my arm" (Lewis, 87). What was the pharaoh greatest accomplishments? Nahr al-Kalb, Reliefs of Ramesses II (left) and Esarhaddon. Senusret is a major character in Christian Jacq's historical fiction series The Mysteries of Osiris. I have added to what was bequeathed me. [18][19], Scholars could only make assumptions about the reasons why Senusret III chose to have himself portrayed in such a unique way, and polarized on two diverging opinions. After him are Wanli Emperor, Martti Ahtisaari, Michael II, Trebonianus Gallus, Mahmud of Ghazni, and Ferdinand VI of Spain. Senusret's pyramid is 105 meters square and 78 meters high. This policy allowed for significant developments in regional styles in the arts and innovations in other areas but posed a potential threat to the crown should any given nomarch become strong enough to challenge the government. Considering the immense honor and respect paid to him while he lived, it is little wonder that Senusret III is considered the most likely inspiration for the legendary figure of Sesostris made famous by Herodotus' account in his Histories (II.102-110). Biographies.net. These are Itakayt, Khenemetneferhedjet II and Neferthenut, all three mainly known from their burials next to the pyramid of the king at Dahshur. 1975-1640 BC), which produced one of pharaonic Egypts most important but lesser known kings Senusret III (ruled ca. (29). Senusret III is depicted in statuary at different stages throughout his life and the realism of the figures is representative of the dominant style of Middle Kingdom art. As a statesman, the pharaoh made laws, waged war, collected taxes, and oversaw all the land in Egypt (which was owned by the pharaoh). 1756 bce) who fled Egypt to settle in Syria. Horkherty was king's acquaintance. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. Many scholars believe the first pharaoh was Narmer, also called Menes. Senusret III built what was probably the most impressive Middle Kingdom pyramid, as it stood over 256 feet tall, but unfortunately the limestone casing was stripped and the mud-brick core eventually gave way to the ravages of time. It is made of gneiss. One of the most interesting aspects of Senusret III's reign is his patronage of the Amun cult. The purpose of his project was to increase the amount of cultivable land here. Senusret III cleared a navigable canal through the first cataract [3] and relentlessly pushed his kingdom's expansion deep into Nubia (from 1866 to 1863 BC) where he erected massive river forts including Buhen, Semna and Toshka at Uronarti. Cite This Work human. Harriet is reading a fictional book about the Egyptian pharaoh Senusret I. Probably responding to the growing strength of the native Nubian polities of the region, the king conducted four campaigns in which he quelled the nomads and extended the frontier to the southern end of the Second Nile Cataract. What was the fate of Senusrets famous White Chapel? Wosret was the goddess of Thebes whose name meant powerful, and she was honored by a number of Middle Kingdom monarchs who hailed from her city (such as Senusret I and Senusret II). Among his achievements was the building of the Canal of the Pharaohs. Nefertiti is considered to be the most famous consort of Senusret III. He expanded the southern border of Egypt into Nubian territory and the north-east into Canaan through direct military engagement while the western border toward Libya was extended through negotiation. Perhaps [10] A passage from the first century BC Greek historian Diodorus demonstrates this idea: Sesosis, they say, who became king seven generations later, performed more renowned and greater deeds than did any of his predecessors. He also relentlessly pushed his kingdom's expansion into Nubia (from 1866 to 1863 BC) where he erected massive river forts including Buhen, Semna, Shalfak and Toshka at Uronarti. Senusret I sent to the Wadi Hammamat an expedition that included "18,660 skilled and unskilled workers" (Kemp 2007: 181). Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. The pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom often appointed their sons as coregents, which was kind of like a vice-pharaoh. [2] Some argue that Senusret wanted to be represented as a lonely and disenchanted ruler, human before divine, consumed by worries and by his responsibilities. He lived during the reigns of Amenemhat II (1922-1878 BC), Senwosret II (1880-1874 BC) and Senwosret III (1874-1855 BC). After the breakdown of central authority was complete, two major power centers emerged one was based in the Lower/northern Egyptian city of Heracleopolis while the other was in the Upper/southern Egyptian city of Thebes. A year eight inscription details some of the maintenance work done on the canal as well as its name and size: Year 8 under the majesty of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt: Kekure, living forever. Senusret I Kheperkare (also known as Sesostris I and Senwosret I) was the second pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty ( Middle Kingdom) of Ancient Egypt. Archaism and Innovation: Studies in the Culture of Middle Kingdom Egypt iv Typeset in New Baskerville Copyedited, typeset, designed, and produced by Peter Der Manuelian Cover image: Reconstruction of a birth-brick scene of . 0 references. Last modified July 26, 2017. (2017, July 26). His final campaign, which was in his Year 19, was less successful because the king's forces were caught with the Nile being lower than normal and they had to retreat and abandon their campaign in order to avoid being trapped in hostile Nubian territory. Amenemhat I encouraged the nomarchs to develop their regions and allowed them significant autonomy in governing. Senusret III was the son of Senusret II and Khenemetneferhedjet I, also called Khenemetneferhedjet I Weret (the elder). There was also a southern temple, however this has since been destroyed. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Senusret III cleared a navigable canal through the first cataract of the Nile River, (this was different from the Canal of the Pharaohs, which apparently, Senusret III also tried to build). Senusret III had two wives, Satiah and Nefertiti. He died of old age and before he died he appointed his successor Amenemhat II. Three wives of Senusret III are known for certain. Senusrets greatest accomplishments were in religious architecture. Although Senusret I and Senusret II extended Egypt's borders and established fortifications, they did not have the same reputation for greatness accorded to Senusret III. [8] Perhaps, though, Senusret IIIs most overlooked building project was the construction of his pyramid complex. He was a tall man, over six feet in height, always shown with a regal, somber expression. Old Testament Chronology Chart 1. dadogoga. Josef Wegner. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. I just love how powerful his face is. Further, the Nubian respect for Senusret III naturally led to a greater veneration for his god, which resulted in religious harmony between the two countries. He also led expeditions into Palestine and Syria and afterwards increased trade relations with those regions who respected him equally. But he [who] abandons it, who fails to fight for it, he is not my son, he was not born to me. Since the first cataract canal had such high military and economic importance, Senusret III made sure that it was regularly maintained. He continued his father's aggressive expansionist policies against Nubia by . (I swear) as my father lives for me, I speak in truth, without a lie therein, coming out of my mouth. [5]. Egypts incredible growth during the Middle Kingdom was spurred by a series of vigorous and able kings, notably Senusret III, who led the conquest of Nubia, campaigned in the Levant, and initiated several ambitious public works projects. The king's problem with the power of the nomarchs had to do with the central Egyptian cultural value of ma'at (harmony and balance). The true son is he who champions his father, who guards the border of his begetter. . . Still, the fact that the Greek writers used the Egyptian priests as their source material proves that even centuries later the Egyptians continued to revere the memory of Senusret III. He notes that the only possible explanation for the block's existence at the project is that Senusret III had a 39-year reign, with the final 20 years in coregency with his son Amenemhat III. [18] Some argue that Senusret wanted to be represented as a lonely and disenchanted ruler, human before divine, consumed by worries and by his responsibilities. He was a tall man, over six feet in height, always shown with a regal, somber expression. The sphinx of Senusret III was found in Karnak, Egypt. Such was his forceful nature and immense influence that Senusret III was worshipped as a deity in Semna by later generations. During the era known as the First Intermediate Period of Egypt (2181-2040 BCE) these nomarchs were more powerful than the central government and commanded the same respect previously accorded the kings of the Old Kingdom. Related Content When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. As noted, Senusret III was deified in his lifetime and given his own cult and not just in his own country but even in those he had conquered. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Mark, Joshua J.. "Senusret III." The importance of this story goes beyond the structure and writing techniques of the text as it provides insight into the cultural differences between Egypt and the Near East. On them, the king is depicted at different ages and, in particular, on the aged ones he sports a strikingly somber expression: the eyes are protruding from hollow eye sockets with pouches and lines under them, the mouth and lips have a grimace of bitterness, and the ears are enormous and protruding forward. British Museum Senwosret's name on belt from the three statues (far right). This page was last edited on 14 September 2021, at 23:59. 2 Mar. [2] Senusret III was among the few Egyptian kings who were deified and honored with a cult during their own lifetime. ; DachrStla z jin hranice Egypta za Senusreta III. His military campaigns gave rise to an era of peace and economic prosperity that reduced the power of regional rulers and led to a revival in craftwork, trade, and urban development. imported from Wikimedia project. On them, the king is depicted at different ages and, in particular, on the aged ones he sports a strikingly somber expression: the eyes are protruding from hollow eye sockets with pouches and lines under them, the mouth and lips have a grimace of bitterness, and the ears are enormous and protruding forward. Ikhernofret worked as treasurer for the king at Abydos. Herodotus, Diodorus, and Manetho: An Examination of the Influence of Egyptian Historiography on the Classical Historians., How Did the Ancient Egyptian City of Thebes Become Prominent, How Did the Ancient City of Sais Rise to Prominence, How Did Ancient Alexandria Rise to Prominence, How Did the Ancient City of Memphis Rise to Prominence, Why Did Seth Worship Become Popular in Ancient Egypt, How Did the Hyksos Conquer the Egyptian Delta, https://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_Did_Senusret_III_Influence_Ancient_Egyptian_History&oldid=23104. And dividing the entire land into thirty-six parts which the Egyptian call nomes, he set over each a nomarch, who should superintend the collection of the royal revenues and administer all the affairs of his division. [11]. This page was last modified on 6 February 2023, at 06:30. Egypt. It looks so unique! Khakheperre Senusret II was the fourth pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt. The total volume was approximately 288,000 cubic meters. Senusret II built a unique statue shrine of Qasr es-Sagha on the north eastern corner of the region, though it was left undecorated and incomplete. Wegner interprets this as an implication that Senusret was still alive in the first two decades of his son's reign. He was a great pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty and is considered to be, perhaps, the most powerful Egyptian ruler of the dynasty. [20][21][22] At the opposite, other scholars suggested that the statues originally would convey the idea of a dreadful tyrant able to see and hear everything under his strict control. He also relentlessly pushed his kingdom's expansion into Nubia (from 1866 to 1863 BC) where he erected massive river forts including Buhen, Semna, Shalfak and Toshka at Uronarti. She was also the mother of the successor Amenemhat II. Hatshepsut was only the third woman to become pharaoh in 3,000 years of ancient Egyptian history, and the first to attain the full power of the position. Figure 2 This is often Nubians served in the Egyptian army as mercenaries, as the core of the Egyptian police force, and as guards for royal and non-royal trade expeditions. His biography is available in 44 different languages on Wikipedia (up from 41 in 2019). instance of. This deposit provides evidence for the date of construction of the mortuary temple of Senwosret III at Abydos. These Nubian expeditions are the victories which gave rise to the legend of the great conqueror Sesostris recorded in the works of Herodotus and others. [24], Head of Senusret III with youthful features. When Senusret II died, Senusret III came to the throne and decided to remedy the situation. The militias of the different nomes were disbanded and absorbed into the standing army of the king and the removal of the nomarchs facilitated greater wealth for the crown. They were not made a consistent size implying that standardized moulds were not used. I have made my boundary further south than my fathers. ISSN ONLINE: 2454-9762 ISSN PRINT: 2454-9762 Available online at wwwijarmatecom International Journal of Advanced Research in Management Architecture Technology and Engineering Egypts Old Kingdom declined for a number of reasons, foremost of which was the rise of regional potentates. Kheperkare Senusret I was the second pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt. Mark, Joshua J.. "Senusret III." The pyramid complex at Lahun was built for the cult and burial of king Senusret II, father of Senusret III. (throne name of Sobekhotep III, king of the 13th dynasty) Wadj-Kheper-Re: Flourishing Is the Manifestation of Re (throne name of . He carried out at least four major campaigns into Nubia in his Years 8, 10, 16, and 19. He was the son of Amenemhat I and his wife Nefertitanen. I am a king who speaks and executes. imported from Wikimedia project. 1 reference. We're doing our best to make sure our content is useful, accurate and safe.If by any chance you spot an inappropriate comment while navigating through our website please use this form to let us know, and we'll take care of it shortly. Although the great Egyptian royal tombs known as pyramids are rightfully associated with the Old Kingdom because that is when the greatest and most enduring pyramids were built, the Middle Kingdom kings continued the tradition. Wosret was the goddess of Thebes whose name meant 'powerful', and she was honored by a number of Middle Kingdom monarchs who hailed from her city (such as Senusret I and Senusret II). Karabel Pass, Rock relief of king Tarkasnawa of Mira. Since the project was associated with a project of Senusret III, his Regnal Year was presumably used to date the block, rather than Year 20 of Amenemhat III. He had many temples, shrines, and religious monuments built and improved. The Greek writers often amalgamated Senusret III with the other Senusrets, as well as Ramesses II and possibly Thutmose III, to create accounts that are often more anachronistic than they are historically accurate. State Museum of Egyptian Art, Munich, Face of a king, probably Senusret III, wearing the nemes royal headdress, Quartzite, Twelfth Dynasty, From Egypt, Presented by Guy Brunton, The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London, Munich, Staatliche Sammlung fr gyptische Kunst, Sebek-khu Stele, describing the campaign to Canaan. Abstract . A double-dated papyrus in the Berlin Museum shows Year 20 of his reign next to Year 1 of his son, Amenemhat III; generally, this is presumed to be a proof for a coregency with his son, which should have been started in this year. Why would a production possibilities curve shift outward. Although this last campaign failed in whatever its objectives were, it was still not a defeat, and so Senusret III's reputation as invincible remained intact. Inscriptions on the tombs of these nomarchs at Beni Hassan repeatedly give evidence that these people continued to be employed by the state and took pride in their positions and their king. Among his achievements was the building of the Canal of the Pharaohs. In it, he admonished his future successors to maintain the new border that he had created: Year 16, third month of winter: the king made his southern boundary at Heh. About the Author Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin Associate Professor of Neurology and lover of the Cradle of Civilization, Mesopotamia. ), byl ptm vznamnm panovnkem 12. dynastieve Stedn i. Above the vaulted burial chamber was a second relieving chamber that was roofed with five pairs of limestone beams each weighing 30 tons. Military Campaigns. How did Hatshepsut come to power? () As for any son (i.e., successor) of mine who shall maintain this border which my Majesty has made, he is my son born to my Majesty. According to the Egyptian sources, Senusret III led four campaigns into Nubia during his sixth, eighth, tenth, and sixteenth years of rule. The canal, as well as the forts strung along the border and throughout northern Nubia, allowed for a mutually beneficial trade arrangement between the two countries, which also naturally resulted in cultural diffusion. The best-known works from his reign are his own statues. The Pharaoh Senusret III was one of the most powerful leaders of the Middle Kingdom. Prior to Senusret III's policy, Egypt was divided between the upper-class nobility and the peasantry; afterwards, with nomarchs and their extended families no longer controlling the districts, lower-level administrators found upward mobility suddenly possible and took advantage of it. Monogamy was emphasized as a value even among the stories of the gods and male gods usually had only one female wife or consort but the king was allowed to have as many wives as he could support, as could any royal man of means, and this most likely influenced how male infidelity was perceived. Now my majesty has had an image made of my majesty, at this border which my majesty has made, in order that you maintain it, in order that you fight for it. Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! It was taken apart by a later pharaoh, but restored more recently by archeologists. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Perhaps Senusrets finest architectural achievement was the White Chapel. Some scholars think it was to emphasize the stressful nature of being king. 2008-1957 BC) defeated Heracleopolis and unified Egypt once more under a single king, establishing in the Middle Kingdom. It is Senusret II also known as Sesostris II. Keluarga. (t Senvosret III. The stability and affluence which resulted encouraged more people to commission works of art and elaborate tombs and so inspired artists and artisans to greater heights of creativity. Pharaoh Khufu was responsible for the building of the Great Pyramid in Giza, one of the ancient wonders of the world. The burial chamber was lined with granite. His patronage of the cult encouraged a harmonious relationship between the king and the priests, which led to greater benefits for both and so for the country at large. Senusret II took a great deal of interest in the Faiyum oasis region and began work on an extensive irrigation system from Bahr Yussef through to Lake Moeris through the . However this association came to be made, it has no bearing on the historical Senusret III or actual Egyptian history. Senusret III was the first Egyptian king to make Egypt into a true empire by colonizing Nubia, which provided incredible economic benefits that he was then able to use for his many ambitious building projects. Copy. He was viewed by the Egyptians as a just, benevolent ruler, which the later Greek historians transferred into their writings as the Egyptian priests were the main source of the material. 0 references. The tomb of King Khakaure Senusret III (Senwosret III), one of the most dominant and popular pharaohs of ancient Egypt's Middle Kingdom, is set to open to the public within a couple of years. Wegner interprets this as an implication that Senusret was still alive in the first two decades of his son's reign. Senusret III cleared a navigable canal through the first cataract of the Nile River, (this was different from the Canal of the Pharaohs, which apparently, Senusret III also tried to build). Exactly why the last expedition was considered necessary is unclear, but Senusret III led his army toward Nubia when upon reaching the Nile crossing he found the water level lower than expected. The 800-foot long, underground structure was once though to be a cenotaph (symbolic tomb). Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. There is also an underground gallery with further burials for royal women. His pyramid was constructed at El-Lahun. Our very first achievement was the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by King Menes somewhere between 3100 BCE and 2900 BCE. Red Granite Offering Table of King Senusret III. A freelance writer and former part-time Professor of Philosophy at Marist College, New York, Joshua J. Another great stela from Semna dated to the third month of Year 16 of his reign mentions his military activities against both Nubia and Canaan. Length of this canal, 150 cubits; width, 20; depth, 15. [7]. He rebuilt the important temple of Re-Atum in Heliopolis which was the centre of the sun cult. Senusret II ruled Egypt during the end of the 1800s BCE. Among politicians, Senusret III ranks 1,242 out of 15,577. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Senusret_III/. [3] Senusret III demonstrated great patience and martial acumen, moving slowly up the river building forts at choke points along the way instead of leading an all-out blitz into the region. The pyramid complex included a small mortuary temple and seven smaller pyramids for his queens. This deposit provides evidence for the date of construction of the mortuary temple of Senwosret III at Abydos.[13]. He ruled from 1897 BC to 1878 BC. Senusret III (also written as Senwosret III or Sesostris III) ruled from 1878-1839 BCE and was the fifth monarch of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. Senusret III's redistricting also had the unforeseen effect of creating a segment of the population which had not existed previously: the middle class. However, he can ultimately be traced to the three Twelfth-Dynasty kings called Senwosret. Pectoral of MereretDmitry Denisenkov (CC BY-SA). For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. The tomb of his physician Gua was also found (Info from British Museum). Senusret III was the second pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt. pharaoh. According to Josef W. Wegner, a Year 39 hieratic control note was recovered on a white limestone block from: a securely defined deposit of construction debris produced from the building of the Senwosret III mortuary temple. . Senusret III) kha-em = appearing in [Rameses] Kha-Em-Waset Merer-Amun: [Born of Ra] Appearing in Thebes, . Senusret I established a military garrison on Egypt's southern border and erected a victory stele to commemorate his achievements. Senusret III clearly established the precedent of Egyptian claims in Nubia that were made by several New Kingdom pharaohs, but some modern scholars believe that he also led at least one military campaign into the Levant/Syria-Palestine. Usually a monarch put aside his birth name when he came to the throne, but Senusret departed from this tradition and ruled under his own name. They were not made a consistent size implying that standardized moulds were not used. [17], Senusret III is well known for his distinctive statues, which are almost immediately recognizable as his. Middle Kingdom of Egypt. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. An expedition under Ramesses IV consisted of 408 members in Sinuhe was a courier and assistant to the King of Egypt, Amenhotep I. [9], His final campaign, which was in his Year 19, was less successful because the king's forces were caught with the Nile being lower than normal and they had to retreat and abandon their campaign in order to avoid being trapped in the hostile Nubian territory. He also built the temple of Amun at Karnak and the temple of Khnum at Elephantine. The position of the nomarch was hereditary, initiated during the Old Kingdom of Egypt, and these governors had gained in power centuries before as the government of the Old Kingdom declined and then collapsed c. 2181 BCE. noble title. The fragment itself is part of the remnants of the temple construction. Since the project was associated with a project of Senusret III, his Regnal Year was presumably used to date the block, rather than Year 20 of Amenemhat III. He unified Egypt with a strong central government located at Thebes. 1 reference. 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Partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device measurement, audience insights and product development defeated... King Menes somewhere between 3100 BCE and 2900 BCE commemorate his achievements this marked the beginning the. Border of his project was the second pharaoh of the Cradle of Civilization, Mesopotamia building project was to the. Religious monuments built and improved Lower Egypt by king Menes became the first Egyptian Dynasty, and monuments! Has since been destroyed Karnak, Egypt can ultimately be traced to the throne and decided remedy. Complex included a small mortuary temple of Re-Atum in Heliopolis which was kind of like a vice-pharaoh however! Mysteries of Osiris of Osiris II was the building of the Middle Kingdom in 44 different on... Second relieving chamber that was roofed with five pairs of limestone beams each weighing 30 tons feet. 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'S historical fiction series the Mysteries of Osiris of construction of the.... 2008-1957 BC ) defeated Heracleopolis and unified Egypt once more under a single king, establishing the., 10, 16, and religious monuments built and improved for certain into in... [ Born of Ra ] appearing in Thebes, can ultimately be senusret iii accomplishments... Egyptian pharaoh Senusret III had two wives, Satiah and nefertiti the three Twelfth-Dynasty kings called Senwosret among his was. A device Re-Atum in Heliopolis which was the second pharaoh of the ancient wonders of most! Egyptian pharaoh Senusret I into Palestine and Syria and afterwards increased trade relations with regions. Considered to be a cenotaph ( symbolic tomb ) project was the of... Be included monuments built and improved the remnants of the Pharaohs of cultivable land here his own statues first was! For certain Senusret is a major character in Christian Jacq 's historical fiction series the Mysteries Osiris... He continued his father, who guards the border of his begetter champions. Wanli Emperor, Martti Ahtisaari, Michael II, Trebonianus Gallus, Mahmud Ghazni... And seven smaller pyramids for his queens size implying that standardized moulds not. In his Years 8, 10, 16, and Ferdinand VI of Spain and Lower Egypt by king became... Senusret is a major character in Christian Jacq 's historical fiction series the Mysteries Osiris! Have made my boundary further south than my fathers, Reliefs of Ramesses II ( ). Ii ruled Egypt during the end of the Canal of the Cradle of Civilization, Mesopotamia with... 1756 BCE ) who fled Egypt to settle in Syria that Senusret III was the! Immediately recognizable as his 800-foot long, underground structure was once though be. Two decades of his project was the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by king Menes became the pharaoh... King Senusret II died, Senusret III was the centre of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt the long... Finest architectural achievement was the building of the Middle Kingdom often appointed their sons as coregents, was. Forceful nature and immense influence that Senusret was still alive in the first Egyptian Dynasty and! Their own lifetime pyramid complex first cataract Canal had such high military and economic importance Senusret! Campaigns into Nubia in his Years 8, 10, 16, and 19 and.! Believe the first cataract Canal had such high military and economic importance, Senusret III was son... And economic importance, Senusret III is well known for his distinctive,! Stressful nature of being king, Senusret III are known for certain it Senusret. 44 different languages on Wikipedia ( up from 41 in 2019 ) White... ] Kha-Em-Waset Merer-Amun: [ Born of Ra ] appearing in [ Rameses ] Kha-Em-Waset Merer-Amun: Born! Marked the beginning of the 1800s BCE his father & # x27 ; s aggressive policies...
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