By Julie E. Hughes (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 2013) 304 pp. Their efforts were inspired by the humanist ideals of questioning authority and valuing the worth of the individual (see "Humanists promote change" in Chapter 1, and "Humanism sparks Renaissance" in Chapter 8). You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Critical and Historical Essays . locations. This success was due to able military leadership, development of a full-time professional army, and a taxation system that supported the army. Henry Tudor (14571509), earl of Richmond, became the champion of those who felt that Richard had wrongly taken the throne. Although the revolt did not end until 1648 with Dutch independence, the Spanish had many military victories in the Netherlands during Philip's reign. Philip was convinced, however, that God had chosen him for a special mission to defend the Catholic faith. Question Posted by Guest on May 8th 2020 Last Modified: . For these reasons Henry VII was once considered England's first Renaissance ruler, and the English Renaissance was often dated to the beginning of his reign in 1485. Revolts broke out as soon as the king left the country. French explore inland water routes Nearly sixty years later, and farther north, Henry Hudson (died 1611), a British captain sailing for the Dutch, led his expedition in search of the Northwest Passage. From Turkey to Tonga and Japan to Jordan, royal families have overseen the development of their countries throughout history as heads of state, rulers, and . While Charles clearly eclipsed his two great rivals, his struggles with Francis over Italy dominated European politics for most of the sixteenth century. These two buildings introduced to England the classical style of such Italian Renaissance architects as Andrea Palladio (15081580). A decent room costing $14-$19 split two ways (or three-ways, wink-wink) will usually net you something better than a dorm room for roughly the same price. Ivan the Terrible. Elizabeth's court became the cultural center of its day, and her era was a time of unparalled literary achievement. Residents were allowed to transfer to larger houses that remained open or to renounce (refuse to follow) their vows. The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic era. He proved that Columbus had landed nowhere near the Indies but instead had discovered an entirely new continent. Philip died in 1598, four months after making peace with France in the Treaty of Vervins. They were permitted to practice their Muslim faith under a policy called taqiyya (pronounced tah-KEE-yah). The Puritans gave him a document called the Millenary Petition, a request for changes that was supposedly signed by a thousand of the king's subjects. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? Although the fiercest fighting over African colonies would not occur until the eighteenth century, English and French expeditions managed to take control of various slaving stations along the coast of Africa. French colonization and a thriving fur trade spread outward along the corridor of the Mississippi Valley, pushing as far west as the Rocky Mountains. In August, sailing against strong winds, the Armada began moving up the English Channel toward Flanders. The light and quick English ships also had the advantage of being able to outmaneuver the bulky Spanish galleons. The court paid small pensions (financial allowances for retired people) to the former monks and nuns, and larger ones to the former abbots and priors (heads of monasteries) who had cooperated in the closing of their houses. Even more ruthless than Corts was Francisco Pizzaro. For this reason the conflict is known as the War of the Roses. leaders met with the king and some of the officers of the Anglican Church. Protestantism now reached its highest point in English history. They were especially critical of "popish," or Catholic, features of the Anglican Church. In walking less than five miles, he counted more than eleven hundred Spanish bodies. He was also being advised on Habsburg policies by Guillaume de Croy, Sieur de Chievres. It also extended south and west to include possessions in North Africa and the Americas. This move shocked and offended most Christians in Europe, even many of Francis's longtime supporters. The election day became the starting date permanently with Sigismund. Merovingian Kingdom. At various times these alliances involved the forces of the Holy Roman Empire, the Papal States (duchies in Italy controlled by the pope), and numerous Italian city-states, as well as mercenaries (hired soldiers) from other countries such as Switzerland. The second war of German unification was the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, which settled the question of "smaller" versus "greater" Germany. Although feudalism had been replaced by a new economic system, social and political structures were still based on the fief. Jewish leaders such as Abraham In pursuit of the first of these objectives, Richelieu destroyed the political power of the Protestants. By 1529, Francis had signed the Treaty of Cambrai, which repeated the humiliating terms of the earlier Treaty of Madrid. Now he accepted a number of Lutheran doctrines, such as rejection of the pope as God's sole representative on Earth. Because James felt that bishops were necessary, he adjourned the conference. The German Empire consisted of 26 constituent territories, most ruled by royal families. Columbus was of course mistaken: he had landed somewhere in the Bahamas, in the Caribbean Sea. A major threat to Elizabeth's security were various plots associated with Mary Stuart (15421587), queen of Scots (ruled Scotland, 154267). popular route to China and the Spice Islands. answer choices. After much negotiation, the following outcomes of the Yalta Conference emerged: Unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany, the division of Germany and Berlin into four occupational zones controlled by the United States, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union. The pope also entered into the famous Concordat of Bologna with Francis the following year, 1516. In 1474 the king and queen started the Spanish Inquisition to enforce Christianity as the sole religion of Spain. This policy continued for more than twenty years. The great abbeys (churches connected with monasteries) were suppressed one by one in the next few years. Gama's handling of the Samuri's diplomatic efforts was only a hint of the brutality later committed by the Portuguese invasion force in Asia and the Indies. The Jews were expelled and went mainly to North Africa. Indeed, it seemed to many Europeans that "God had turned into a Spaniard" by 1584. For more than a decade Henry and Catherine were happy together. The Spanish lost 1,000 men. conspiracy to assassinate Elizabeth in 1586 led to Mary's execution at Fotheringhay castle in 1587. Today Mary is best known as "Bloody Mary" because of her persecution of Protestants. When we look at existing monarchies in Europe, following are of German descent: Royal Family of Belgium. Some contended that conversion was the best policy. She cared for the aging king and tried to be a mother to his children. The young boy learned the Spanish and Italian languages, and he spent his time reading mythology, history, and literature and admiring art. Their efforts to find a sea route to Asia (then called the Indies) resulted in the European age of exploration, one of the great achievements of the Renaissance period. Statutes (laws) passed by the Reformation Parliament in 1533 and 1534 named the king Supreme Head of the Church and cut all ties with the papacy. Catherine of Aragon died a natural death in the same year. In 1512 he invaded the kingdom of Navarre and incorporated it into Aragon. He sought aid from the army in Ireland and from King James VI of Scotland. In May 1588 the Spanish Armada set out from Lisbon, but storms forced the fleet into La Corua in northwestern Spain. Renaissance ideas had dominated his education. King John IV (16041656; ruled 164056), founder of the Bragana dynasty, then took the Portuguese throne. In transforming the Bourbon kingdom into a constitutional state, the French Revolution aroused intense excitement east of the Rhine. Thus, Olivares's usefulness had come to an end. Rise of Kingdoms' success story is a great example of this. In a dozen voyages from 1603 until 1633, Champlain discovered the easternmost Great Lakes, Huron and Ontario; founded the city of Quebec; and served as commandant of France's new colonial territories, which were called New France. The Capetians were a family who controlled the le-de-France, a region centered on Paris that extended roughly a three days' march in all directions around the city. Edward and his brother were soon murdered, and many suspected that Richard had killed them. One of the most important events of Henry VIII's reign was the closing of monasteries. Not only did he refuse to follow Elizabeth's orders, but he also signed an unauthorized truce with the rebels. In fact, only the Dutch had any success in attacking European empires in America. "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain In France, the Capetians (pronounced cuh-PEE-shuns) gained control of nearly all duchies (fiefs) by staging internal wars Juan de Padilla (c. 14901521), a representative from Toledo, organized leaders in other cities into a "Holy League of Cities." This brief war (fought over the course of mere weeks) pitted Prussia and her allies against Austria and other German states. Calling themselves Comuneros and supported by practically all levels of society, they demanded that no foreigners be appointed to government positions. Driven by increasing prosperity, the emerging powers of northwestern EuropeEngland, France, and the Netherlandsdecided to invest in exploration. (According to the so-called Salic Law, a male could be the only legitimate heir to the throne.) Renaissance thought emphasized pursuit of the arts and sciences, the achievement of personal glory, and commercial expansion. Ferdinand therefore had himself proclaimed regent (interim ruler) of Castile, possibly expecting to have some influence on Joanna once she and Philip arrived from Brussels to take the throne. James also had to contend with religious unrest. They also founded Portugal's overseas provinces in western and eastern Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and Brazil and poured the vast riches of the empire into the homeland. Shortly after the death of Henry V, Charles VII (14031461; ruled 142261), who was Charles VI's son, slowly began to regain French territories from the English. $49.95 In 1534 French navigator Jacques Cartier (14911557) joined the search for a Northwest Passage to China. After. In 1584 Philip began Spanish financial aid to France's Catholic League in an unsuccessful effort to put a Catholic on the throne of France. Denied land routes to some of their most treasured goods, the Europeans had to find a route to Asia in the uncharted oceans. His men won a few In the 1300s marriages between English and French nobles meant that both English and French kings had a claim to the French throne. The English Protestant queen, Elizabeth I, was worried about the Catholic advance in the Low Countries. This dramatic event came about when the Habsburgs, the royal family that controlled Spain, rejected Mary as the future wife of the fourteen-year-old Charles I, who was to become king of Spain (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). At the time, there were several factors which prevented the restoration of the empire as it had been in the 18th century, notably the rise of larger, more consolidated kingdoms in Germany, such as Bavaria, Saxony and Wrttemberg, as well as Prussia's interest in becoming a great power in Europe (rather than continue being a vassal to the . 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