Buddhist stupas (shrines) dating to the 3rd century bc are all that is left of the early cultures of the Kathmandu Valley, but numerous magnificent stone sculptures survive from the subsequent Licchavi period. The Newar festival always includes a grand feast that consists of several delicious native Newari items. Descent is patrilineal (traced on the father's side), and the phuki (a term meaning "brother" but usually applied to cousins and their families) defines what is essentially an exogamous lineage. The musical style and musical instruments are still in use today. [50] Nepal Bhasa developed from the 14th to the late 18th centuries as the court and state language. Traditional Newa music consists of sacred music, devotional songs, seasonal songs, ballads and folk songs. Although other groups in South Asia who speak Tibeto-Burman languages have given up their mother tongues, the Newar appear to be committed to preserving Newari as their language. However, in unique ways. Since then, many peoples have settled the area, each making its own contributions to Newar history and culture. [107] The Buddhist priestly clan Gubhju-Bar (Bajracharya and Shakya) go through an additional initiation ceremony called Bare Chuyegu (becoming a Bar) while Bajracharya boys are further required to go through Acharyabhisheka (Sanskrit: ) which is a Tantric initiation rite that qualifies a Bajracharya to perform as a purohita. Newar devotional paubha painting, sculpture and metal craftsmanship are world-renowned for their exquisite beauty. On the 13th day, the girl is dressed up as a bride with makeup, A newer movie named Barasi detailly has shown the life of a girl processing the gufa and how she dies within that period. [59] Since then, it suffered a period of decline due to political oppression. According to the 2011 Nepal Census, 87.38% of the Newars were Hindu and 10.74% were Buddhist. After the second Jankwa, the person is accorded deified status. [108], Hindu Newars perform the male initiation ceremony called Kaeta Puja as a ritual observance of the brahmachrya the first stage in the traditional four stages of life. Of great significance in everyday life are numerous lesser godlings and their female counterparts, the latter known by terms such as devi or mai (mother). All the relatives and neighborhood get together to see the charm of the girl and finally, the ritual starts with the order of the priest. Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. Allowing for natural increase, the current population is estimated at just over 1.4 million. With the modernization of Nepal, however, many have found their way into government, administrative, professional, and clerical occupations. Bombay: United Asia Publications, 1965. They made their child attain monkshood and nirvana by mimicking Gautama Buddhas ascetic and mooching way of life. According to this Buddhist scripture, the Kathmandu Valley was a giant lake until the Bodhisattva Manjusri, with the aid of a holy sword, cut a gap in the surrounding hills and let the water out. Today, Newari is written in Devanagari, a script used to write Sanskrit, although several alphabets derived from ancient Indian systems of writing have been used in the past. Bahra tayegu or bahra choyegu is another tradition of the newar community. People of Nepal. This no doubt reflects the fact that the bulk of the Newar live in the Kathmandu Valley, where access to educational institutions is easier than in the rest of the country. Besides the historical cities of Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Madhyapur Thimi, Chovar, Bungamati, Thankot and Kirtipur, small towns with a similar artistic heritage (like Panga in Kirtipur municipality) dot the Kathmandu Valley where almost half of the Newar population lives.[86]. In Kathmandu, the biggest street festival is Yenya (Indra Jatra) when three cars bearing the living goddess Kumari and two other child gods are pulled through the streets and masked dance performances are held. There are forty or more calendrical rituals and . On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [104][105] Newars consider life-cycle rituals as a preparation for death and the life after it. Vivaha means marriage. [20] Italian Jesuit priest Ippolito Desideri (16841733) who traveled to Nepal in 1721 has written that the natives of Nepal are called Newars. Your email address will not be published. A similar procession is held in Lalitpur known as Bunga Dyah Jatra[98] which continues for a month and climaxes with Bhoto Jatra, the display of the sacred vest. An expanding tourism industry has also created opportunities for employment. The major cults are Vajrayana Buddhism and Tantric Hinduism. This nut distribution symbolizes the brides' acceptance into the family. (February 22, 2023). In special or auspicious moments of life like birthdays, weddings, long journeys, return safely from the journey, or any kind of accident, Sagun is given. Though they do not perform it in its traditional way, they do practice it. While Shakyas and Bajracharyas forbid women to the cremation site, other communities of Newars let the female members of the deceased join the funeral procession. Musical bands accompany religious processions in which an idol of a deity is placed in a chariot or portable shrine and taken around the city. [42] In this regard, cults of the Mother Goddesses and their consorts, the Bhairavas, are particularly important. [10] Nepal's 2011 census ranks them as the nation's sixth-largest ethnicity/community, with 1,321,933 Newars throughout the country. [52] Many Newar communities within Nepal also speak their own dialects of Nepal Bhasa, such as the Dolakha Newar Language. "[41] An indigenous Newar Christian community thus became established. Newars forms an ethnolinguistic community distinct from all the other ethnic groups of Nepal. They have greater freedom than their Brahman and Chhetri counterparts in Nepal, but nonetheless occupy the same subservient status in society. Traditionally men wear tapuli (cap), long shirt (taplan) and trousers (suruw), also called Daura-Suruwal. They are, nonetheless, required in ones life. [41] When the Mallas were overthrown by the Gurkhas, the Newar Christians took refuge in India, settling first in the city of Bettiah and then later moving eleven kilometres north to Chuhari. Street celebrations include pageants, jatras or processions in which a car or portable shrine is paraded through the streets and sacred masked dances. This is the second mock marriage of a Newari girl, which marks the turning of a girl into a fertile woman. A midwife from the barber caste (Nau) attends the birth, cuts the umbilical cord, and completes certain important rituals. POPULATION: c. 70 million (estimate) (50% are o, Gonds [22] According to another explanation, the words "Newar" and "Newari" are colloquial forms arising from the mutation of P to W, and L to R.[23], As a result of the phonological process of dropping the last consonant and lengthening the vowel, "New" for Newr or Newl, and "Nep" for Nepl are used in ordinary speech.[24][25]. Newa people call their music Dhime Baja. [73] The earliest dated paubha discovered so far is Vasudhara Mandala which was painted in 1365 AD (Nepal Sambat 485). The clan of Buddhist priests Gubhju-Bar (Bajracharya and Shakya) goes through an additional initiation ceremony. Many rituals relate to the stages of life stages from birth, first rice-feeding, childhood, puberty, marriage, seniority and death. The Kathmandu Valley is one of the largest of a series of Himalayan valleys that lie between the foothills and the high ranges of the Great Himalaya. [84][85] The most famous artisan who influenced stylistic developments in China and Tibet was Arniko, a Newar youth who traveled to the court of Kublai Khan in the 13th century AD. Many of the traditional handicrafts of the Newar focus on religious objects. For other uses, see, Granthavali-v-1-11(pb) vol-5, Hazari Prasad kh", Rajkamal Prakashan Pvt Ltd, 1 January 2007, p.279. While the original language and culture survived, the Indo-Aryans brought over Hinduism and the social structure of the caste system. Death-pollution rituals are performed for a period of 10 to 12 days, and the mourning period ends with a feast and a purification ceremony (ghasu). These ceremonies roam up around a single person's life from birth till death, actually even after death. Which, the young boy again abandons his family for the celibate religious life. [31], According to the Swayambhu Purana, Manjusri then established a city called Manjupattan (Sanskrit "Land Established by Manjusri"), now called Manjip, and made Dharmkara its king. For about a thousand years, the Newar civilization in Central Nepal preserved a microcosm of classical North Indian culture in which Brahmanic and Buddhist elements enjoyed equal status. The climate is very pleasant, with average temperatures ranging from 10c (50f) in January to 26c (78f) in July. Newars share Nepl myths and traditions such as those relating to the origins of the Kathmandu Valley and the founding of the sacred shrine of Swayambhunath. These include many jatras (e.g., Indra Jatra, Macchendra Jatra, and numerous festivals for Bhairava), when images of the deities are carried through the streets in procession. Some of the Malla kings (from the 13th to the 18th centuries) were great patrons of art and literature. RELIGION: Hinduism [41], "Nepal Bhasa" is classified as among the Sino-Tibetan languages but it has greatly derived much of its grammar, words and lexicon from the influences of southern Indo-European languages like Sanskrit, Prakrit, and Maithili. Newari, the mother tongue of the Newar, is a Tibeto-Burman language. Previously a, Ghtu (summer music, this seasonal melody is played during, Mohani (festive joy, this seasonal tune is played during. Some claim Buddha to have visited Nepal during the reign of Kirat King Jitedasti. They can cook all foods except rice to be used for ceremonial purposes and can attend ceremonial family feasts, although they are not supposed to carry water or touch god images, sacred utensils, or priests. The next ceremony common to both men and women is marriage. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Dessert consists of dhau ( yogurt), sisbus ( fruits) and mari ( sweets). Many Newars also speak Nepl, which is used for official purposes and for inter-group communication. [97] Many festivals are tied to Hindu and Buddhist holidays and the harvest cycle. More than two-thirds of this number are concentrated in the Kathmandu Valley. In the girls case, she must have the Ihi and Bahra ceremony before their marriage and Bratabandha for the boys. However, for ritual activities, Hindu and Buddhist Newars have their own priests (Rajopadhyaya Brahmins for Hindus and Vajracharyas for Buddhists) and varying amounts of cultural differences. Nepal Bhasa already existed as a spoken language during the Licchavi period and is believed to have developed from the language spoken in Nepal during the Kirati period. [45][46], From the 17th century onwards, Catholic Christian missionaries of the Jesuit and Capuchin religious orders "established hospices at Kathmandu, Patan and Bhatgoan, the capitals of the three Malla Kings of Nepal who had permitted them to preach Christianity. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. Subsequently, people conduct offerings and rituals within four, seven, eight, 13, and 45 days following the death. Be the first one to review. Newa architecture consists of the pagoda, stupa, shikhara, chaitya and other styles. In the Kathmandu Valley, Newars are engaged in agriculture, trade, and many traditional service occupations. Auspiciously, people call the very first Janwa Bhimratharohan. The Lichchhavis had come to Nepal from India. Rituals to be performed on the same day after cremation A. Meals can be classified into three main categories: the daily meal, the afternoon snack and festival food. The birth of a child is a joyous occasion among the Newar, with a son being particularly welcome. In the newar community, the following are the most probable known ceremonies associated with the birth of a child: The very first rite performed in anyones life is the Naam Karan (giving a name to the newborn baby). During this ritual, the bride distributes ten betel nuts to each family member. There are umbrella janajati organizations such as Federation of Indigenous Nationalities (NEFIN), which are lobbying for more rights for janajatis to break the dominance of high caste Hindus (i.e. There is, however, an unusual story in the Newar Buddhist literature that bears a resemblance to the biblical account of the creation of mankind. //]]>, LOCATION: Nepal(KathmanduValley)POPULATION: 1,245,232 (Census of Nepal 2001)LANGUAGE: Newari; NeplRELIGION: Mixture of Mahyna Buddhism, Hinduism, and older animistic beliefs. ." Merchants, craftsmen, artists, potters, weavers, dyers, farmers and other castes all played their part in creating a flourishing economic system. You can also check out how exactly the famous Juju dhau of Bhaktapur is made. ALTERNATE NAMES: Mahrattas; Mahrattis The Gurkhas gained control of the Kathmandu Valley in 1768. The education system in Nepal is characterized by large disparities in primary and secondary school attendance. Yes, they do. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. What is called "Nepal" today was formed after 1769 when the modern Shah state expanded across the region, conquering the valley city-states and . The first of these ceremonies is observed when a man reaches 77 years, 7 months, and 7 days (an age few reached in the past). Traditionally, Newar women wear a shoe made out of red cloth, Kapa lakaan. Young boys fly kites, play marbles, spin tops, and also play a game called khopi, which involves betting on a coin tossed into a scoop. The two godchildren are Ganesh and Bhairav. Priests and magicians are called upon to deal with this spirit world. All the Newars except the Laakumi and Jogi caste, cremate their dead bodies. Elaborately carved windows and wooden doors adorn the houses of the Newar aristocracy. Elaborate cultural traditions which required the use of varied objects and services also fueled the economy. An unusual feature of the Newar life-cycle rituals is a series of ceremonies (Bura Jankwa) marking the attainment of old age. Nepal is the learned (Sanskrit) form and Newar is the colloquial (Prakrit) form. [54], Nepal Bhasa scripts appeared in the 10th century. Devotional songs are known as bhajan may be sung daily in community houses. They were brave. Newari, the mother tongue of the Newar, is a Tibeto-Burman language. [28] Due to influx of people from both north (Tibet) and south (Tirhut) who brought with them not only their genetic and racial diversity but also greatly moulded the dominant culture and tradition of Newars. This is done in her odd number year like 7,9 or 11 before menstruation. This is a very unique culture of newar people where they manage to arrange the marriage of their children to lord Vishnu. On the 13th day, the girl is dressed up as a bride with makeup, traditional newa jewelry, and a traditional wedding dress. 22 Feb. 2023
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