A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Most homeowners insurance policies do not cover damage from expansive soils. The U.S. Geological Survey has developed a method to estimate the cost of landslide damages in regional and local areas and has applied the method in three urban areas and one rural area. In July 1949, the M7.4 Khait earthquake triggered many hundreds of landslides in a mountainous region near the southern limit of the Tien Shan Mountains, central Tajikistan. [2] References. Landslides, also known as landslips, are several forms of mass wasting that may include a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep-seated slope failures, mudflows, and debris flows. Khait Landslide, Tajikstan, July 1949 (4,000 deaths)) 8. The timing and location of this event, soon after the war in an area about which the Soviet Union was very secretive, has meant that it has been very difficult to determine any details about the landslides that were triggered in the earthquake. 1988, resulted in approximately $12 million in damage and cost $8 million to rebuild. The killer lahars enveloped the whole of Armero town, killing many thousands. The areas worst affected were Manila . By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Estimates based on likely population densities in the two settlements that suffered the most damage, Khait and Khisorak, suggest that only about 800 people are likely to have died directly as a result of the landslide. In 1933, 6,800 people died in landslides triggered by an earthquake and 2,500 more were killed when one of the landslides caused a dam to fail. Geologists, scientists who study the physical formations of the Earth, sometimes describe landslides as one type of mass wasting.A mass wasting is any downward movement in which the Earth's surface is worn away. The velocity of the slide has been estimated from the energy required to surmount the terrace on the western river bank, giving a minimum of 22 m/s. On the Tajik side, the highest extent of natural hazard is observed in Dogiston, Yel and Shurobod (mountains) Jamoats and across a number of Jamoats of Hamadoni and Farkhor districts, at Pyandj and Kyzylsu River floodplain (plains), while on the Afghan side, at south-eastern part of Chahi-Ab administrative district (Takhor province, mountains), Pyandj River floodplain, lower reaches of Djilgai-Jangikala and Kunduz Rivers and Kochka River mouth (plains of Kunduz and Takhar provinces). Ground Shaking & Structural Failure Other kishlaks were destroyed by loess flowslides in the lower Obi-Kabud River valley and on the north side of the Surkhob River valley. The avalanche, locally referred to as Huayco, involved a massive ice sheet that was estimated to be about 1 kilometer wide and 40 feet high. What characteristics allow plants to survive in the desert? In late 2004 and early 2005, an intense series of rainstorms impacted southern California, causing flooding and innumerable landslides throughout the region. One of the landslides buried an entire village in Xiji County as well. In January of 1962, a thaw triggered the breaking off of a portion of the north summit of the mountain, leading to a landslide/avalanche that led to the tragic death of nearly 4,500 people. Haiyuan lost more than half its population and so did its neighbors Gansu and Shaanxi while Xiji County was buried by one of the landslides. Landslides triggered by the 1949 Khait Earthquake, Tajikistan, and associated loss of life Engineering Geology DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.08.007, Evans, S., Bishop, N., Fidel Smoll, L., Valderrama Murillo, P., Delaney, K., & Oliver-Smith, A. Huaraz Debris Flows, Ancash, Peru, December 1941 (5,000 deaths), 6. The result is wearing off of the earths surface. The dam then overtopped, causing a flood and 2,500 deaths. A landslide refers to any form of mass wasting characterized by movement of rocks, soil, or other debris downhill assisted by gravity. Known as one of the worst natural disasters in the history of India, since the 2004 tsunami this event took place in the state of Uttarakhand in North India. Therefore, the authors of the report extend their sincere gratitude for assistance in the course of our work. English: View of the Khait landslide triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake, the scar on Chokhran mountain shows the origin of the slide, which overwhelmed the village of Khait. Deadliest Landslides In Recorded History. The landslide was triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake and buried 33 villages and has by some estimates killed 28,000 people. The term landslide actually has two meanings. An official website of the United States government. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. In general, goals and objectives of surveys were received well by our partners. Just clear tips and lifehacks for every day, Landslides include a wide range of phenomena involving downslope ground movement, such as rockfalls, deep slope failure, shallow debris flows, and avalanches. . To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. However, landslide costs across the country are not currently tracked or measured in a uniform way by any one agency, so this figure is likely to be an underestimate. Losses from landslides in the United States were estimated in 1980 to exceed $1 billion per year. [1], Most of the landslides triggered by the earthquake were loess flowslides, involving failure and flow of unconsolidated loess material. This will be the topic of an upcoming post.ReferenceEvans, S., Roberts, N., Ischuk, A., Delaney, K., Morozova, G., & Tutubalina, O. In the Yasman River valley, which lies almost entirely within the area of greatest felt intensity, a large number of such flowslides coalesced in tributary valleys before combining into one massive flowslide that travelled the length of the valley. The landslide was triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake and buried 33 villages and has by some estimates killed 28,000 people. Although there are a massive number of recorded landslides throughout the years, listed below are a few of the deadliest landslides that claimed many lives. Adjusting these figures for the population of each area, the annual cost of damages per capita are $1.30 in the nine-county San Francisco Bay region; $2.50 in Allegheny County, Pa.; and $5.80 in Hamilton County, Ohio. Undertaking of survey has allowed mapping of surfaces of natural hazards evolution and doing a holistic assessment on a full spectrum of hazardous natural processes in the target district area of which roughly 2267 km2 (21%) belong to extremely hazardous category, 7432 km2 (69%) to highly hazardous and 1000 km2 (9,3%) to moderately hazardous. What do they mean. The unsuspecting residents of Huaraz and the neighboring Peruvian communities experienced a horrific calamity on that fateful day of December 1941 when a landslide took place as a result of the shattering of the dam. Van Den Eeckhaut and Hervs 2012).This is important as a regional landslide susceptibility model is at . this article in Mountain Research and Development, The Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience Blog, The Bridge: Connecting Science and Policy, Joshimath: new satellite imagery and ongoing issues with the movement of the landslide, Kandersteg: a massive rock slope failure in Switzerland caught on video, The 22 February 2023 landslide at a coal mine at Alxa League, China, Vila Sahy, So Paulo: extreme rainfall in Brazil has triggered multiple fatal landslides, Manutuke: a near miss landslide from Cyclone Gabrielle in New Zealand, The Canterbury Earthquake: Images of the distorted railway line, Killing off the Canary Islands landslide megatsunami scare, Liquefaction from the Sendai earthquake - a remarkable video, Rattlesnake Ridge: a large failure forming in Washington State, USA, Bento Rodrigues: a disastrous tailings dam failure in Brazil, The 8 February 2023 rockfall in Steyr, Austria, Rosas in Cauca, Colombia: a truly extraordinary landslide, Landslides in North Island of New Zealand from Cyclone Gabrielle. Khait Landslide, Tajikstan, July 1949 (4,000 deaths)) . This landslide was one of the most destructive landslides in history. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. Uncategorized Official websites use .gov Another dam in the nearby Lake Jircacocha was also broken by the flowing glacial water, resulting in the furious waters of both of the two lakes emptying themselves onto the city of Huaraz, claiming more than 5,000 lives in the process. The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, then part of the Soviet Union. Losses from landslides in the United States were estimated in 1980 to exceed $1 billion per year. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Some single landslide events have killed numbers in excess of the populations of small countries. 1 What has been the 10 worst landslide disasters in history? 'Khait' is a transliteration from Russian: ; local modern spelling: Hoit (Tajik: ). Steve and his colleagues have also just published a similar paper (Evans et al. Spatial Distribution. The disaster struck the southern limits of the Tien Shan ranges in central Tajikistan. In July 1949, the M7.4 Khait earthquake triggered many hundreds of landslides in a mountainous region near the southern limit of the Tien Shan Mountains, central Tajikistan. [2], This landslide began with the failure of a large mass of rock high on the western flank of Chokrak Mountain above the village of Khait. Because a recurrence for such a landslide cannot be established, it is not possible to develop a meaningful estimate of annual per capita damages. [2], Published estimates for the death toll from the earthquake vary greatly between 5,000[2] and more than 29,000. It had a magnitude of 7.5 and triggered a series of landslides that together led to 7,200 deaths. As the ice sheet moved rapidly down the slopes, it gathered rock and debris from the mountain and strengthened in force, completely burying several villages in Ranrahica underneath it. Deadliest Landslides In Recorded History. The landslide covered homes and left dozens missing . If you cannot afford to replace your belongings or . and P.E. These primary hazards often produce secondary hazards such as ruptured utility lines, hazardous spills, and fires. The avalanche, locally referred to as Huayco, involved a massive ice sheet that was estimated to be about 1 kilometer wide and 40 feet high. The landslide has a volume of about 20 cubic kilometers, a depth of 300 m, a travel distance of 14 km and a width of 5 km. Been classified into a category as yet dam then overtopped, causing and... A similar paper ( Evans et al are absolutely essential for the death toll the! The killer lahars enveloped the whole of Armero town, killing many thousands van Eeckhaut! 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